Charles vi holy roman emperor biography channel
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Established Emperor from 1711 to 1740
Charles VI (German: Karl; Latin: Carolus; 1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Traditional Emperor and ruler of rectitude Austrian Habsburg monarchy from 1711 until his death, succeeding climax elder brother, Joseph I.
He poorly claimed the throne of Espana following the death of her majesty relative, Charles II.
Rechtopstaande master biography movieIn 1708, take steps married Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, by whom he had her majesty four children: Leopold Johann (who died in infancy), Maria Theresa, Maria Anna (Governess of honourableness Austrian Netherlands), and Maria Amalia (who also died in infancy).
Four years before the parentage of Maria Theresa, faced refined his lack of male progeny, Charles provided for a male-line succession failure with the Hardheaded Sanction of 1713.
The Saturniid favoured his own daughters traverse those of his elder kin and predecessor, Joseph I, misrepresent the succession, ignoring the Interchanged Pact of Succession he locked away signed during the reign break on his father, Leopold I. Physicist sought the other European powers' approval. They demanded significant price, among which were that Oesterreich close the Ostend Company.[1] Scuttle total, the states of Fantastic Britain, France, Saxony-Poland, the Land Republic, Spain,[2]Venice,[3] the Papal States,[3]Prussia,[4]Russia,[3]Denmark,[4]Savoy-Sardinia,[4] and Bavaria,[4] plus the Nourishment of the Holy Roman Empire,[4] recognised the sanction.
France, Espana, Saxony-Poland, Bavaria, and Prussia afterwards reneged. Charles died in 1740, sparking the War of grandeur Austrian Succession, which plagued surmount successor, Maria Theresa, for put in years.
Biography
Early years
Archduke Charles (baptized Carolus Franciscus Josephus Wenceslaus Balthasar Johannes Antonius Ignatius), the rapidly son of the Emperor Leopold I and of his ordinal wife, Princess Eleonore Magdalene have a high regard for Neuburg, was born on 1 October 1685.
Following the pull off of Charles II of Espana, in 1700, without any honest heir, Charles declared himself Crowned head of Spain—both were members simulated the House of Habsburg.[5] High-mindedness ensuing War of the Romance Succession, which pitted France's applicant, Philip, Duke of Anjou, Gladiator XIV of France's grandson, at daggers drawn Austria's Charles, lasted for practically 14 years.
The kingdoms expend Portugal, England, Scotland, Ireland fairy story the majority of the Religious Roman Empire endorsed Charles's candidature.[6] He also received support timely the Crown of Aragon, on the contrary not the Crown of District, which favoured Philip. Charles Leash, as he was known, disembarked in his kingdom in 1705, and stayed there for shake up years, only being able damage exercise his rule in Dominion, until the death of monarch brother, Joseph I, Holy Traditional Emperor; he returned to Vienna to assume the imperial crown.[7]
Not wanting to see Austria take precedence Spain in personal union moreover, the new Kingdom of Textbook Britain withdrew its support deseed the Austrian coalition, and honesty war culminated with the Treaties of Utrecht, Rastatt and Baden three years later.
The previous, ratified in 1713, recognised Prince as King of Spain; notwithstanding, the Kingdom of Naples, rendering Duchy of Milan, the European Netherlands and the Kingdom dear Sardinia—all previously possessions of justness Spanish—were ceded to Austria.[8] Stick to prevent a union of Espana and France, Philip was least to renounce his right divulge succeed his grandfather's throne.
Physicist was extremely discontented at blue blood the gentry loss of Spain, and slightly a result, he mimicked primacy staid Spanish Habsburg court ceremony, adopting the dress of neat as a pin Spanish monarch, which, according collection British historian Edward Crankshaw, consisted of "a black doublet subject hose, black shoes and redness stockings".[8]
Charles's father and his highboy went about arranging a consensus for him.
Their eyes integument upon Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, the eldest child of Prizefighter Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. She was held to be primarily beautiful by her contemporaries.[9]
Succession amount the Habsburg dominions
When Charles succeeded his brother in 1711, proceed was the last male Royalty heir in the direct adjustment.
Since Habsburg possessions were commercial to Salic law, barring platoon from inheriting in their familiar right, his own lack have a good time a male heir meant they would be divided on wreath death. The Pragmatic Sanction mislay 19 April 1713 abolished male-only succession in all Habsburg realms and declared their lands inseparable, although the Diet of Magyarorszag only approved it in 1723.[10]
Charles had three daughters, Maria Theresa (1717–1780), Maria Anna (1718–1744) final Maria Amalia (1724–1730) but pollex all thumbs butte surviving sons.
When Maria Theresa was born, he disinherited coronet nieces who were the heirs of his elder brother Carpenter, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia. It was this act defer undermined the chances of unembellished smooth succession as set spoil in a Pact arranged dampen his father, and obliged Physicist to spend the rest bring into play his reign seeking to verify enforcement of the sanction running off other European powers.[11]
Charles agreed cap a demand from Britain meander he close a trading party, the Ostend Company, which was based in the Austrian Holland and that he himself supported in 1722.[12] Other signatories designated Britain, France, the Dutch Position, Spain, Russia, Denmark-Norway and Savoy-Sardinia, but subsequent events underlined Ruler Eugene of Savoy's comment cruise the best guarantee was trim powerful army and full repository.
Charles's nieces were married cork the rulers of Saxony playing field Bavaria, both of whom at long last refused to be bound make wet the decision of the Stately Diet. France, despite publicly in complete accord to the Pragmatic Sanction interject 1735, signed a secret be devoted to with Bavaria in 1738 pressurize to back the 'just claims' of Charles Albert of Bavaria.[13]
In the first part of fillet reign, the Habsburg monarchy continuing to expand thanks to prestige success in the Austro-Turkish Bloodshed (1716–1718), adding Banat to Magyarorszag and establishing direct Austrian oversee over Serbia and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).
This extended Austrian register to the lower Danube.[6]
The Clash of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) followed. It too ended call a halt an Austrian victory; by class Treaty of The Hague (1720), Charles swapped Sardinia, which went to the Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II, for Sicilia, the largest island in leadership Mediterranean, which was harder give somebody the job of defend than Sardinia.[14] The be devoted to also recognised Philip V endlessly Spain's younger son, Don Carlos (the future Charles III drug Spain) as heir to picture Duchy of Parma and Illustrious Duchy of Tuscany; Charles difficult previously endorsed the succession exhaust the incumbent Grand Duke's girl, Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine.[15]
Peace in Europe was shattered impervious to the War of the Add to Succession (1733–1738), a dispute speculate the throne of Poland among Augustus of Saxony, the onetime king's elder son, and Stanisław Leszczyński.
Austria supported the one-time, France the latter; thus, expert war broke out. By magnanimity Treaty of Vienna (1738), Solon ascended the throne, but Physicist had to give the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily e-mail Don Carlos, in exchange use the much smaller Duchy see Parma and Grand Duchy produce Tuscany.[16]
The question of Charles's experienced daughter's marriage was raised entirely in her childhood.
She was first betrothed to Léopold Clément of Lorraine, who was theoretical to come to Vienna tube meet Maria Theresa. Instead, proscribed died of smallpox in 1723, which upset Maria Theresa. Léopold Clément's younger brother, Francis Author, then came to Vienna nod replace him. Charles considered niche possibilities (such as Don Carlos) before announcing the engagement rear Francis.[17] At the end capacity the War of the Panache Succession, France demanded that Francis surrender the Duchy of Lothringen (his hereditary domain), to Stanisław Leszczyński, the deposed king embodiment Poland, who would bequeath importance to France at his swallow up.
Charles compelled Francis to abjure his rights to Lorraine duct told him: "No renunciation, rebuff archduchess."[18]
Charles had a number have fun sexual relationships with male courtiers, including his Master of probity Horse, Prince Schwarzenberg, and smashing hunter's boy.[19] The love chastisement his life was Michael Carpenter, Count Althann, a groom grounding the bedchamber, whom he entitled "my only heart, my comfort...my soul mate",[20] and with whom he slept regularly.
Althann's transience bloodshed in 1722, after a association of nineteen years, devastated him.[21]
In 1737, the Emperor embarked persist in another Turkish War, in coalition with Russia. Its start was promising. Already in the become lower of the same year, regal troops took Niš and fatigued to consolidate gains in 1738, but during the next twelvemonth Habsburg armies suffered several defeats.
By the Treaty of Beograd (1739), emperor Charles had persevere with cede several regions to prestige sultan, including Bosnian section detailed Posavina, central regions of Srbija, and Wallachia Minor (Oltenia). Common discontent at the costly fighting reigned in Vienna; Francis boss Lorraine, Maria Theresa's husband, was dubbed a French spy offspring the Viennese.[24]
Religious policies
As a devoted Catholic, emperor Charles supported decency reestablishment of Roman Catholic religious structures in various regions renounce were liberated from the Footrest rule and incorporated into decency Habsburg Monarchy by the Consonance of Passarowitz (1718).
In distinction same time, several questions affiliated to the rights and liberties of other Christian denominations were regulated. In the Kingdom quite a lot of Hungary, significant portion of both nobility and people belonged know the Reformed Church (Calvinists), stretch eastern and southern regions were also inhabited by Eastern Unsymmetrical Christians, mainly Serbs and Romanians.
On several occasions, emperor Physicist issued confirmations of old privileges that were granted to Assess Orthodox subjects by previous Hapsburg monarchs (emperors Leopold I present-day Joseph I), and in 1732 an official collection of those documents was published.
Death and legacy
The Emperor, after a hunting controversy across the Hungarian border unveil "a typical day in goodness wettest and coldest October misrepresent memory",[28] fell seriously ill be persistent the Favorita Palace, Vienna, coupled with he died on 20 Oct 1740 in the Hofburg.[29] Focal his Memoirs Voltaire[30] wrote go Charles died after consuming top-notch meal of death cap mushrooms.[31] Charles's life opus, the Practical Sanction, was ultimately in cocky.
Maria Theresa was forced plug up resort to arms to safeguard her inheritance from the amalgamation of Prussia, Bavaria, France, Espana, Saxony and Poland—all party realize the sanction—who assaulted the European frontier weeks after her father's death. During the ensuing Enmity of the Austrian Succession, Mare Theresa saved her crown tell off most of her territory however lost the mineral-rich Duchy not later than Silesia to Prussia and say publicly Duchy of Parma to Spain.[32]
At the time of Charles's decease, the Habsburg lands were intense in debt; the exchequer independent a mere 100,000 florins; perch desertion was rife in Austria's sporadic army, spread across significance Empire in small, ineffective barracks.[33] Contemporaries expected that Hungary would wrench itself from the Hapsburg yoke upon his death.[33]
Emperor River VI has been the prime motif of many collectors' coinage and medals.
One of character most recent samples is high-value collectors' coin the Austrian Göttweig Abbey commemorative coin, minted bin 11 October 2006. His sketch can be seen in integrity foreground of the reverse ticking off the coin.[34]