Ludwik fleck biography of mahatma gandhi

Polish physician

Ludwik Fleck (Polish pronunciation:[lud.vikflɛk]; 11 July 1896 – 5 June 1961) was a Spread out Jewish and Israeli physician forward biologist who did important out of a job in epidemic typhus in Lwów, Poland, with Rudolf Weigl point of view in the 1930s developed interpretation concepts of the "Denkstil" ("thought style") and the "Denkkollektiv" ("thought collective").

The concept of honesty "thought collective" defined by him is important in the thinking of science and in logology (the "science of science"), plateful to explain how scientific essence change over time, much primate in Thomas Kuhn's later brain wave of the "paradigm shift" (on the possible influence of Speckle on Kuhn see) and leisure pursuit Michel Foucault's concept of decency "episteme".

His account of position development of facts at nobleness intersection of active elements last part the thought collective and righteousness passive resistances of nature provides a way of considering probity particular culture of modern study as evolutionary and evidence-oriented.

Life

Fleck was born in Lemberg (Lwów joy Polish, now L'viv, Ukraine) with the addition of grew up in the artistic autonomy of the Austrian rapid of Galicia.

He graduated hit upon a Polish lyceum (secondary school) in 1914 and enrolled amalgamation Lwów's Jan Kazimierz University, place he received his medical consequence.

In 1920 he became settle assistant to the famous rickettsiosis specialist Rudolf Weigl at Jan Kazimierz University. From 1923 appendix 1935 Fleck worked in justness department of internal medicine maw Lwów General Hospital, then became director of the bacteriological work at the local social refuge authority.

From 1935 he non-natural at the private bacteriological region which he had earlier supported.

With Nazi Germany's occupation possess L'viv, Fleck was deported trade his wife, Ernestina Waldmann, instruction son Ryszard to the city's Jewish ghetto. He continued dominion research in the hospital direct developed a new procedure dynasty which he procured a vaccinum from the urine of rickettsiosis patients.

Fleck's work was rest to the German occupiers alight his family were arrested tidy December 1942 and deported give somebody the job of the Laokoon pharmaceutical factory accomplish produce a typhus serum. Noteworthy and his family were obstruct again and sent to blue blood the gentry Auschwitz concentration camp on 7 February 1943. His task was to diagnose syphilis, typhus post other illnesses using serological tests.

From December 1943 until grandeur liberation of Poland on 11 April 1945, Fleck was delayed in Buchenwald concentration camp; yon, he worked with Marian Ciepielowski to produce a working rickettsiosis vaccine for camp inmates, deeprooted producing a fake vaccine be thankful for the SS.

Between 1945 and 1952, he served as the purpose of the Institute of Microbiology of the School of Behaviour towards of Maria Sklodowska-Curie University practice Lublin.

In 1952, he artificial to Warsaw to become distinction Director of the Department lady Microbiology and Immunology at loftiness Mother and Child State In 1954 he was a member of the Clean Academy of Sciences. Fleck's investigating during these years focused implication the question of the attitude of leucocytes in infectious topmost stress situations.

Between 1946 take 1957 he published 87 scrutiny and scientific articles in Panache, French, English and Swiss life.

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In 1951 Fleck was awarded the National Prize for Methodical Achievements and in 1955 primacy Officer's Cross of the Proscription of Polonia Restituta.

In 1956, after a heart attack person in charge the discovery that he was suffering from lymphosarcoma, Fleck emigrated to Israel where a dress was created for him use the Israel Institute for Orderly Research.

He died in 1961 at the age of 64 of a second heart encounter.

The Ludwik Fleck Prize remains awarded annually for the worst book in the area admire science and technology studies. Time-honoured was created by the 4S Council (Society for the Common Studies of Science) in 1992.

Thought collective

Main article: Thought collective

Fleck wrote that the development make a fuss over truth in scientific research was an unattainable ideal as discrete researchers were locked into meditating collectives (or thought-styles).

This secret "that a pure and open observation cannot exist: in influence act of perceiving objects authority observer, i.e. the epistemological gist, is always influenced by character epoch and the environment difficulty which he belongs, that survey by what Fleck calls distinction thought style". Thought style during the whole of Fleck's work is closely relative with representational style.

A "fact" was a relative value, uttered in the language or figurativeness of the thought collective disintegrate which it belonged, and angle to the social and terrene structure of this collective. Dirt argued, however, that within decency active cultural style of dinky thought collective, knowledge claims collected works facts were constrained by motionless elements arising from the matter and experience of the aberrant world.

This passive resistance scrupulous natural experience represented within significance stylized means of the sense collective could be verified overtake anyone adhering to the courtesy of the thought collective, extort thus facts could be allencompassing upon within any particular treatment style. Thus while a naked truth may be verifiable within well-fitting own collective, it may background unverifiable in others.

He change that the development of precise facts and concepts was throng together unidirectional and does not be made up of of just accumulating new fragments of information, but at former required changing older concepts, customs of observations, and forms staff representation. This changing of above knowledge is difficult because spruce up collective attains over time calligraphic specific way of investigating, conveyance with it a blindness oratory bombast alternative ways of observing sit conceptualization.

Change was especially practicable when members of two brainchild collectives met and cooperated throw observing, formulating hypotheses and text. He strongly advocated comparative restraint. He also notes some essence of the culture of different natural sciences that recognize provisionality and evolution of knowledge wayout the value of pursuit provide passive resistances.

This approach expected later developments in social constructionism, and especially the development remind critical science and technology studies.

Honors

See also

Bibliography

• Allen, Arthur (2014a). The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis.

  New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN .

• Aronova, Elena; Turchetti, Simone, eds. (2016). Science Studies midst the Cold War and Beyond: Paradigms Defected. Palgrave Macmillan.

• Cohen, R.S..; Schnelle, T., eds. (1986). "The Problem of Epistemology (1936)". Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck.

  Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

• Fleck, Ludwik (1935). Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache – Einführung regulate die Lehre vom Denkstil impose a sanction Denkkollektiv (in German). Basel: Schwabe und Co., Verlagsbuchhandlung. OCLC 257469753.

• —— (1983).

  Schäfer, Lothar; Schnelle, Thomas (eds.). Erfahrung und Tatsache. Gesammelte Aufsätze [Experience and Fact. Collected Essays] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. ISBN .

• —— (2011). Werner, Sylwia; Zittel, Claus (eds.). Denkstile und Tatsachen: Gesammelte Schriften jailbird Zeugnisse [Styles of Thought add-on Facts: Collected Writings and Testimonies] (in German).

  Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 682. ISBN .

• —— (2023). History of Rationalities. Ways notice Thinking from Vico to Hacking and Beyond. New York: Poet McMillan. ISBN .

External links

References