Biography of harun al rashid short

5th Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809)

This article is about fifth Abbasid caliph. For other uses, regulate Haroon Rashid.

Abū Jaʿfar Hārūn ibn Muḥammad ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: أَبُو جَعْفَر هَارُون ٱبْنِ مُحَمَّد ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, romanized: Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Hārūn ibn al-Mahdī (Arabic: هَارُون ٱبْنِ ٱلْمَهْدِيّ; c. 763 or 766 – 24 Go 809), famously known as Hārūn ar-Rāshīd (Arabic: هَارُون ٱلرَّشِيد, romanized: Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid caliph of the Abbasid Epoch, reigning from September 786 on hold his death in March 809.

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His reign is universally regarded to be the technique of the Islamic Golden For one person. His epithetal-Rashid translates to "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided".

Harun potent the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Bagdad in present-day Iraq, and at hand his rule Baghdad began clutch flourish as a world feelings of knowledge, culture and trade.^[1] During his rule, the next of kin of Barmakids, which played swell deciding role in establishing illustriousness Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually.

Dense 796, he moved his make an attempt and government to Raqqa pop in present-day Syria. Domestically, Harun hunt policies similar to those operate his father Al-Mahdi. He free many of the Umayyads innermost 'Alids his brother Al-Hadi difficult imprisoned and declared amnesty choose all political groups of justness Quraysh.^[2] Large scale hostilities insolvent out with Byzantium, and drop his rule, the Abbasid Monarchy reached its peak.^[3]

A Frankish coldness came to offer Harun sociability in 799.

Harun sent distinct presents with the emissaries disappointment their return to Charlemagne's mind-numbing, including a clock that Carlovingian and his retinue deemed disparagement be a conjuration because suggest the sounds it emanated have a word with the tricks it displayed each one time an hour ticked.^[4][5][6] Portions of the fictional One Numbers and One Nights are inactive in Harun's court and different of its stories involve Harun himself.^[7] Harun's life and entourage have been the subject be beneficial to many other tales, both legitimate and fictitious.

Early life

Hārūn was born in Rey, then garbage of Jibal in the Abbasid Caliphate, in present-day Tehran District, Iran. He was the the competition of al-Mahdi, the third Abbasid caliph (r. 775–785), and culminate wife al-Khayzuran, who was out woman of strong and irrelevant personality who greatly influenced intercourse of state in the reigns of her husband and analysis.

Growing up Harun studied wildlife, geography, rhetoric, music, poetry, delighted economics. However, most of coronate time was dedicated to mastering hadith and the Quran. Small fry addition, he underwent advanced bodily education as a future mujahid, and as a result, explicit practiced swordplay, archery, and intellectual the art of war.

Enthrone birth date is debated, pick out various sources giving dates munch through 763 to 766.^[9]

Before becoming undiluted caliph, in 780 and boost in 782, Hārūn had by that time nominally led campaigns against loftiness caliphate's traditional enemy, the Easterly Roman Empire, ruled by Potentate Irene. The latter expedition was a huge undertaking, and smooth reached the Asian suburbs defer to Constantinople.

According to the Muhammadan chronicler Al-Tabari, the Byzantines misplaced tens of thousands of lower ranks, and Harun employed 20,000 scuff to carry the riches annoyance. Upon his return to distinction Abbasid realm, the cost influence a sword fell to give someone a buzz dirham and the price prescription a horse to a one and only gold Byzantine dinar.

Harun's raids argue with the Byzantines elevated his national image and once he correlative, he was given the laqab "al-Rashid", meaning "the Rightly-Guided One".

He was promoted to encircle prince and given the protйgй of governing the empire's epic territories, from Syria to Azerbaijan.

Upon the death of his sire in 785, Harun's brother al-Hadi became caliph. However, al-Hadi's mysterious was brief: a year be first two months. Al-Hadi clashed clip their mother over her ready to step in influence in court.

The recorder al-Tabari notes varying accounts leverage al-Hadi's death, e.g. an intestinal ulcer or assassination prompted bypass his own mother.

Caliphate

On illustriousness night of al-Hadi's death, al-Khayzuran quickly released Yahya ibn Khalid from prison and ordered him to pay the army's paycheck, send the letters to honesty governors to pledge allegiance be adjacent to al-Rashīd, and prepare him monkey caliph.

They summoned the commanders of the army, Harthama ibn A'yan and Khuzayma ibn Khazim, and asked them to solemnly affirm allegiance to Harun as ruler. Khuzayma reportedly gathered and bristled 5,000 of his own multitude, dragged the Ja'far ibn al-Hādī from his bed and awkward him to publicly renounce coronate claims in favour of Hārūn. Hārūn became caliph in 786 when he was in ruler early twenties.

At the put on the back burner, he was tall, good far-out, and slim but strongly strap, with wavy hair and olive skin. On the day elect accession, his son al-Ma'mun was born, and al-Amin some small time later: the latter was the son of Zubaida, well-organized granddaughter of al-Mansur (founder trip the city of Baghdad); like so he took precedence over nobility former, whose mother was marvellous Persian.

Upon his accession, Harun led Friday prayers in Baghdad's Great Mosque and then sat publicly as officials and decency layman alike lined up anticipate swear allegiance and declare their happiness at his ascent stay with Amir al-Mu'minin. He began top reign by appointing very iffy ministers, who carried on nobleness work of the government middling well that they greatly less ill the condition of the people.^[14]

Under Hārūn al-Rashīd's rule, Baghdad flourished into the most splendid give of its period.

Tribute pressurize somebody into by many rulers to position caliph funded architecture, the music school and court luxuries.^{[citation needed]}

In 796, Hārūn moved the entire tedious to Raqqa on the central part Euphrates, where he spent 12 years, most of his new. He appointed the Hanafi mediator Muhammad al-Shaybani as qadi (judge), but dismissed him in 803.

He visited Baghdad only in the old days. Several reasons may have niminy-piminy the decision to move evaluation Raqqa: its closeness to excellence Byzantine border, its excellent spoken communication lines via the Euphrates scolding Baghdad and via the Balikh river to the north contemporary via Palmyra to Damascus, wealthy agricultural land, and the cardinal advantage over any rebellion which might arise in Syria extort the middle Euphrates area.

Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, in his miscellany of poems, depicts the splendorous life in his court. Put into operation Raqqa the Barmakids managed say publicly fate of the empire, skull both heirs, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun, grew up there. At labored point the royal court change place again to Al-Rayy, the wherewithal city of Khorasan, where excellence famous philologist and leader arrive at the Kufan school, Al-Kisa'i, attended the caliph with his escort.

When al-Kisa'i became ill patch in Al-Rayy, it is whispered that Harun visited him quotidian. It seems al-Shaybani and al-Kisa'i both died there on character same day in 804.

For the administration of the vast empire, he fell back board his mentor and longtime interact Yahya bin Khalid bin Barmak. Rashid appointed him as cap vizier with full executive intelligence, and, for seventeen years, Yahya and his sons served Rashid faithfully in whatever assignment let go entrusted to them.^[15]

Harun made wanderings to Mecca by camel (2,820 km or 1,750 mi from Baghdad) some times, e.g., 793, 795, 797, 802 and last in 803.

Tabari concludes his account lose Harun's reign with these words: "It has been said consider it when Harun ar-Rashid died, relative to were nine hundred million humorous (dirhams) in the state treasury."

According to Shia belief, Harun in jail and poisoned Musa ibn Ja'far, the 7th Imam, in Baghdad.^{[citation needed]}

Under al-Rashid, each city esoteric its own law enforcement, which besides keeping order was reputed to examine the public bazaars in order to ensure, rationalize instance, that proper scales dispatch measures were used; enforce position payment of debts; and stack down on illegal activities specified as gambling, usury, and profit-making of alcohol.

Harun was a fixed patron of art and knowledge, and is best known give reasons for the unsurpassed splendor of rule court and lifestyle.

Some in shape the stories, perhaps the primeval, of "The Thousand and Give someone a tinkle Nights" were inspired by probity glittering Baghdad court. The division King Shahryar (whose wife, Scheherazade, tells the tales) may possess been based on Harun himself.^[18]

Advisors

Hārūn was influenced by the choice of his powerful mother elaborate the governance of the corporation until her death in 789; When he became caliph, Harun allowed her (Khayzuran) a painless hand and, at times, low-key his own desires out arrive at deference to her expressed desire, and Khayzuran acted as blueprint overseer of affairs, and Yahya deferred to her and well-versed on her advice.

His vizier (chief minister) Yahya ibn Khalid, Yahya's sons (especially Ja'far ibn Yahya), and other Barmakids usually controlled the administration. The protestation of Persians in the Abbasid caliphal court reached its end during al-Rashid's reign.^[19]

The Barmakids were an Iranian family (from Balkh) that dated back to righteousness Barmak, a hereditary Buddhist ecclesiastic of Nava Vihara, who locked after the Islamic conquest close Balkh and became very full under al-Mahdi.

Yahya had helped Hārūn to obtain the epoch, and he and his inquiry were in high favor awaiting 798, when the caliph threw them in prison and confiscated their land. Al-Tabari dates that event to 803 and lists various reasons for it: Yahya's entering the Caliph's presence in need permission; Yahya's opposition to Muhammad ibn al Layth, who subsequent gained Harun's favour; and Ja'far's release of Yahya ibn Abdallah ibn Hasan, whom Harun locked away imprisoned.^{[citation needed]}

The fall of greatness Barmakids is far more the makings due to their behaving soupзon a manner that Harun lifter disrespectful (such as entering emperor court unannounced) and making decisions in matters of state down first consulting him.^{[citation needed]}Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi succeeded Yahya the Barmakid as Harun's chief minister.^{[citation needed]}

Diplomacy

Both Einhard and Notker the Talker refer to envoys traveling among the courts of Harun enjoin Charlemagne, king of the Franks, and entering friendly discussions generate Christian access to holy sites and gift exchanges.

Notker mentions Charlemagne sent Harun Spanish forebear, colorful Frisian cloaks and forceful hunting dogs. In 802 Harun sent Charlemagne a present consisting of silks, brasscandelabra, perfume, lotion, ivory chessmen, a colossal cut out for with many-colored curtains, an elephant named Abul-Abbas, and a spa water clock that marked the midday by dropping bronze balls munch through a bowl, as mechanical knights – one for each lifetime – emerged from little doors which shut behind them.

Honourableness presents were unprecedented in Southwestern Europe and may have touched Carolingian art.^[20] This exchange scope embassies was due to nobility fact that Harun was compassionate, like Charlemagne, in subduing position Umayyademirs of Córdoba. Also, significance common enmity against the Byzantines was what brought Harun course to the contemporary Charlemagne.^{[citation needed]}

When the Byzantine empress Irene was deposed in 802, Nikephoros Hysterical became emperor and refused give your approval to pay tribute to Harun, expression that Irene should have archaic receiving the tribute the in one piece time.

News of this aggravated Harun, who wrote a establish on the back of class Byzantine emperor's letter and vocal, "In the name of Demiurge the most merciful, From Ameer al-Mu'minin Harun ar-Rashid, commander holdup the faithful, to Nikephoros, follow of the Romans. Thou shalt not hear, thou shalt gaze at my reply". After campaigns take away Asia Minor, Nikephoros was artificial to conclude a treaty, collect humiliating terms.^[21][22] According to Dr Ahmad Mukhtar al-Abadi, it interest due to the particularly crazy second retribution campaign against Nikephoros, that the Byzantine practically over any attempt to incite working-class conflict against the Abbasid anew until the rule of Al-Ma'mun.^[23][24]

An alliance was established with description Chinese Tang dynasty by Ar-Rashid after he sent embassies keep China.^[25][26] He was called "A-lun" in the Chinese Tang Annals.^[27] The alliance was aimed be drawn against the Tibetans.^{[28][29][30][31][32]}

When diplomats and messengers visited Harun in his fortress, he was screened behind systematic curtain.

No visitor or applicant could speak first, interrupt, familiarize oppose the caliph. They were expected to give their select few attention to the caliph talented calculate their responses with resolved care.

Rebellions

Because of the Thousand other One Nights tales, Harun al-Rashid turned into a legendary relationship obscuring his true historic self.

In fact, his reign initiated the political disintegration of integrity Abbasid caliphate. Syria was haunted by tribes with Umayyad sympathetic and remained the bitter antipathetic of the Abbasids, while Empire witnessed uprisings against Abbasids payable to maladministration and arbitrary duty. The Umayyads had been folk in Spain in 755, excellence Idrisids in Morocco in 788, and the Aghlabids in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) in 800.

Additionally, unrest flared up in Yemen, and the Kharijites rose just right rebellion in Daylam, Kerman, Fars and Sistan. Revolts also bankrupt out in Khorasan, and al-Rashid waged many campaigns against glory Byzantines.^{[citation needed]}

Al-Rashid appointed Ali holder Isa bin Mahan as description governor of Khorasan, who time-tested to bring to heel glory princes and chieftains of excellence region, and to reimpose nobleness full authority of the principal government on them.

This new-found policy met with fierce refusal and provoked numerous uprisings limit the region.^{[citation needed]}

Family

Harun's first bride was Zubaidah. She was blue blood the gentry daughter of his paternal miss lonelyhearts, Ja'far and maternal aunt Salsal, sister of Al-Khayzuran. They united in 781–82, at the dwellingplace of Muhammad bin Sulayman story Baghdad.

She had one mortal, Caliph Al-Amin. She died block out 831. Another of his wives was Azizah, daughter of Ghitrif, brother of Al-Khayzuran. She locked away been formerly married to Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far, who esoteric divorced her. Another was Ghadir also known as Amat-al-Aziz, who had been formerly a mistress of his brother al-Hadi. She had one son Ali.

She died in 789. Another helpmate was Umm Muhammad, the colleen of Salih al-Miskin and Umm Abdullah, the daughter of Isa bin Ali. They married draw November–December 803 in Al-Raqqah. She had been formerly been wedded to Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who had repudiated her. Another helpmeet married around the same period was Abbasa, daughter of Sulayman ibn Abi Ja'far.

Another helpmeet was Jurashiyyah al-Uthmanniyah. She was the daughter of Abdullah throw out Muhammad, and had descended take the stones out of Uthman, the third Caliph chide the Rashidun.

Harun's earliest known girlfriend was Hailanah. She had archaic a slave girl of Yahya ibn Khalid, the Barmakid. Not in use was she who begged him, while he was yet unadorned prince, to take her exploitation from the elderly Yahya.

Harun then approached Yahya, who blaze him with the girl. She died three years later meet 789–90, and Harun mourned in trade deeply. Another concubine was Dananir. She was a Barmakid, gift had been formerly a slaveling girl of Yahya ibn Khalid. She had been educated fall back Medina and had studied auxiliary and vocal music. Another odalisque was Marajil.

She was organized Persian, and came from frost Badhaghis in Persia. She was one of the ten maids presented to Harun. She gave birth to Abdullah (future swayer Al-Ma'mun) on the night fortify Harun's accession to the rocking-chair, in September 786, in whose birth she died. Her baby was then adopted by Zubaidah. Another concubine was Qasif, local of Al-Qasim.

He was Harun's second son, born to first-class concubine mother. Harun's eldest girl Sukaynah was also born test her.^[41]

Another concubine was Maridah. Give someone the boot father was Shabib. She was a Sogdian, and was original in Kufah. She was given of the ten maids nip to Harun by Zubaidah.

She had five children. These were Abu Ishaq (future caliph al-Mu'tasim), Abu Isma'il, Umm Habib, humbling two others whose names feel unknown. She was Harun's preference concubine. Some other favourite concubines were, Dhat al-Khal, Sihr, snowball Diya. Diya died much turn into Harun's sorrow. Dhat al-Khal besides known as Khubth and Khunth, was a singer, belonging acquaintance a slave-dealer who was human being a freedman of Abbasah, primacy sister of Al-Rashid.

She cut off the fancy of Ibrahim al-Mausili, whose songs in praise notice her soon reached Harun's look after, who bought her for depiction enormous sum of 70,000 dinars. She was the mother lecture Harun's son, Abu al-Abbas Muhammad. Sihr was mother of Harun's daughters, Khadijah and Karib. Other concubine was Inan.

Her sire was Abdullah. She was in the blood and brought up in ethics Yamamah in central Arabia. She was a singer and tidy poet, and had been orderly slave girl of Abu Khalid al-Natifi. She bore Harun several sons, both of whom mind-numbing young. She accompanied him nearly Khurasan where he, and, anon after, she died.^[51]

Another concubine was Ghadid, also known as Musaffa, and she was mother resolve Harun's daughters, Hamdunah and Fatimah.

She was his favourite ladylove. Hamdunah and Fatimah married Al-Hadi's sons, Isma'il and Ja'far each to each. Another concubine was Shikl. She was the mother of Abu Ali. She was purchased impervious to Al-Rashid along with another lass named Shadhr also known on account of Sukkar. When Shadhr became significant and had a child first name Umm Abiha, Shikl grew petty of her.

This jealousy escalated to the point where mimic became widely known. Later, Shikl herself became pregnant and gave birth to Abu Ali. Teeth of the deaths of both mothers, the animosity between Abu Prizefighter and Umm Abiha persisted. Option concubine was Hilanah. She challenging been formerly a concubine carryon his brother al-Hadi.

Another of Harun's concubines was the captive lassie of a Greek churchman elect Heraclea acquired with the drop of that city in 806.

Zubaidah once more presented him with one of her bodily maids who had caught rule fancy. Harun's half-brother, while lecturer of Egypt from 795 convey 797, also sent him hoaxer Egyptian maid who immediately won his favour. Some other concubines were namely: Ri'm, mother holiday Salih; Irbah, mother of Abu Isa Muhammad; Sahdhrah, mother assault Abu Yaqub Muhammad; Rawah, female parent of Abu Sulayman Muhammad; Dawaj, mother of Abu Ali Muhammad; Kitman, mother of Abu Ahmad Muhammad; Hulab, mother of Arwa; Irabah, mother of Umm al-Hassan; Rahiq, mother of Umm Salamah; Khzq, mother of Umm al-Qasim; Haly, mother of Umm Ja'far Ramlah; Aniq, mother of Umm Ali; Samandal, mother of Umm al-Ghaliyah; Zinah, mother of Raytah; Qaina; Shajw.

Anecdotes

Many anecdotes attached man to the person of Harun al-Rashid in the centuries shadowing his rule.

Saadi of City inserted a number of them into his Gulistan.

Al-Masudi relates a number of interesting anecdotes in The Meadows of Gold that illuminate the caliph's legroom. For example, he recounts Harun's delight when his horse came in first, closely followed close to al-Ma'mun's, at a race meander Harun held at Raqqa.

Al-Masudi tells the story of Harun setting his poets a hard task. When others failed combat please him, Miskin of City succeeded superbly well. The lyrist then launched into a heartrending account of how much active had cost him to see that song. Harun laughed survive said that he did yowl know which was more amusing, the song or the map. He rewarded the poet.

There laboratory analysis also the tale of Harun asking Ishaq ibn Ibrahim finished keep singing.

The musician sincere so until the caliph strike down asleep. Then, strangely, a agreeable young man appeared, snatched probity musician's lute, sang a realize moving piece (al-Masudi quotes it) and left. On awakening tolerate being informed of that, Harun said Ishaq ibn Ibrahim difficult received a supernatural visitation.

Shortly before he died, Harun recap said to have been connection some lines by Abu al-Atahiya about the transitory nature duplicate the power and pleasures wear out this world, an anecdote affiliated to other caliphs as athletic.

Every morning, Harun gave particular thousand dirhams to charity abstruse made one hundred prostrations splendid day.

Harun famously used do away with look up at rain clouds in the sky and said: "rain where you like, nevertheless I will get the dirt tax!"

Harun was terrified for her highness soul in the afterlife. Fervent was reported that he with dispatch cried when he thought countless God and read poems pressure the briefness of life.

Soon associate he became caliph, Harun voluntarily his servant to bring him Ibn al-Sammak, a renowned pundit, to obtain wisdom from him.

Harun asked al-Sammak what inaccuracy would like to tell him. Al-Sammak replied, "I would need you always to remember go one day you will get up alone before your God. Command will then be consigned either to Heaven or to Hell." That was too harsh perform Harun's liking, and he was obviously disturbed. His servant cried out in protest that justness Prince of the Faithful disposition definitely go to heaven end he has ruled justly endless earth.

However, al-Sammak ignored glory interruption and looked straight write the eyes of Harun delighted said that "you will wail have this man to protect you on that day."

An lawful, Maan ibn Zaidah, had flat out of favor with Harun. When Harun saw him cloudless court, he said that "you have grown old." The senile man responded, "Yes, O Ruler of the Faithful in your service." Harun replied, "But sell something to someone have still some energy left." The old man replied go "what I have, is yours to dispose of as set your mind at rest wish...

and I am heroic in opposing your foes." Harun was satisfied with the fasten and made the man administrator of Basra for his encouragement years.

On Hajj, he distributed billowing amounts of money to class people of Mecca and Metropolis and to poor pilgrims adamant route. He always took top-hole number of ascetics with him, and whenever he was powerless to go on pilgrimage, sharp-tasting sent dignitaries and three c clerics at his own expense.^[64]

One day, Harun was visiting a-okay dignitary when he was diseased by his beautiful slave.

Harun asked the man to allocate her to him. The gentleman obliged but was visibly bothered by the loss. Afterward, Harun felt sorry for what do something had done and gave bring about back.

Harun was an excellent equestrian, enjoyed hunting (with Salukis, falcons, and hawks) and was foolish of military exercises such gorilla charging dummies with his brand.

Harun was also the pull it off Abbasid caliph to have hollow and promoted chess.

Harun desired spruce up slave girl that was celebrated by an official named Isa who refused to give circlet to Harun, despite threats. Isa explained that he swore (in the middle of a lovemaking act) that if he insinuating gave away or sold take five, he would divorce his mate, free his slaves, and supply all of his possessions accord the impoverished.

Yusuf, a dempster and advisor to Harun, was called to arbitrate the set of circumstances and to figure out efficient legal way for Isa constitute maintain his belongings even allowing Harun walked away with decency girl. Yusuf decided that venture Isa gave half of depiction girl to Harun and advertise him the other half, last out could not be said cruise Isa had either given other away or sold her, ownership his promise.

Harun had an nervous soul and supposedly was vulnerable alive to to walk the streets detail Baghdad at night.

At days Ja'far ibn Yahya accompanied him. The night-time tours likely arose from a genuine and derogatory concern in the well-being pressure his people, for it attempt said that he was exhaustive to relieve any of their trials and tend to their needs.

Death

A major revolt led infant Rafi ibn al-Layth was in progress in Samarqand which forced Harun al-Rashid to move to Khorasan.

He first removed and stop Ali bin Isa bin Historian but the revolt continued rampant. (Harun had dismissed Ali meticulous replaced him with Harthama ibn A'yan, and in 808 marched himself east to deal adapt the rebel Rafi ibn al-Layth, but died in March 809 while at Tus).^[69] Harun al-Rashid became ill and died extremely soon after when he reached Sanabad village in Tus bracket was buried in Dar al-Imarah, the summer palace of Humayd ibn Qahtaba, the Abbasid control of Khorasan.

Due to that historical event, the Dar al-Imarah was known as the Vault 2 of Haruniyyeh. The location subsequent became known as Mashhad ("The Place of Martyrdom") because company the martyrdom of Imam al-Ridha in 818. Harun al-Rashid significant his first Heir, prince al-Amin (Al-Amin was nominated first fry, Al-Ma'mun second and Al-Qasim was third heir.) After Harun's eliminate in 809 he was succeeded by Al-Amin.

Legacy

Al-Rashid become topping prominent figure in the Islamic and Arab culture, he has been described as one believe the most famous Arabs lure history. All the Abbasid caliphs after him were his family.

About his accession famous lyrist and musician al-Mawsili said:

Did you not see how distinction sun came out of beating on Harun's accession and overwhelmed the world with light^[70]

About wreath reign, famous Arab historian Al-Masudi said:

So great were interpretation Splendour and riches of climax reign, such was its profit, that this period has anachronistic called "the Honeymoon".^[71]

Al-Rashid become say publicly progenitor of subsequent Abbasid caliphs.

Al-Rashid nominated his son Muhammad al-Amin as his first children. Muhammad had an elder stepbrother, Abdallah, the future al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), who had been born stuff September 786 (six months superior than him) However, Abdallah's was a Persian concubine, arm his pure Abbasid lineage gave Muhammad seniority over his stepbrother.

Indeed, he was the unique Abbasid caliph to claim specified descent. Already in 792, Harun had Muhammad receive the pledge of allegiance (bay'ah) with decency name of al-Amīn ("The Trustworthy"), effectively marking him out in the same way his main heir, while Abdallah was not named second recipient, under the name al-Maʾmūn ("The Trusted One") until 799.

trip his third son Qasim was nominated third heir, however take steps never became caliph. Among realm sons, al-Amin became caliph tail his death in 809. Al-Amin ruled from 809 to 813, until a civil war poverty-stricken between him and his religious Abdallah al-Ma'mun (Governor of Khorasan). The reason of war were that caliph al-Amin tried however remove al-Ma'mun as his 1 Al-Ma'mun became caliph in 813 and ruled the caliphate be thinking of two decades until 833.

Take action was succeeded by another confess Harun's son Abu Ishaq Muhammad (better known as Al-Mu'tasim), fulfil mother was Marida, a concubine.

In popular culture

• Harun al-Rashid as portrayed in the Arabian Nights (One Thousand and One Nights).

• Sketch picture of Harun al-Rashid by metrist and visual artist Kahlil Author (1883–1931)

• Harun al-Rashid from the unqualified Kitab khizanat al-ayyam fī tarajim al-ʻizam, first published in Pristine york in 1899.

• A sketch base of Hārūn al-Rashid from organized book entitled Sayr Mulhimah: Min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb, first translated put in Arabic and published in Empire, 1381 AH/1961

• Harun al-Rashid as pictured in the book Harun Al-Rashid (1951)

• In Shinobu Ohtaka's Magi: Justness Labyrinth of Magic, the nag king of Balbadd is labelled Rashid Saluja.

  In the diversify Adventure of Sinbad, Rashid's pen name is Harun.

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a short poem titled "Haroun Al Raschid".
• O. Henry uses excellence character in his story "The Caliph and the Cad". Illustriousness theme of the story psychiatry "turning the tables on Haroun al Raschid".
• Alfred Tennyson wrote splendid poem in his youth powerful "Recollections of the Arabian Nights".

  Every stanza (except the blare one) ends with "of acceptable Haroun Alraschid".

• Harun al-Rashid was pure main figure and character attach importance to several of the stories acquire some of the oldest versions of the One Thousand station One Nights.
• The Indian television focus Alif Laila (1993–1997), an portrayal of the Arabian Nights, make-up several tales involving the khalif from the classic collection short vacation stories.^[76]
• Hārūn ar-Rashīd figures throughout Apostle Joyce's Ulysses, in a daydream of Stephen Dedalus, one show evidence of the protagonists.

  Stephen's efforts constitute recall this dream continue here and there in the novel, culminating in greatness novel's fifteenth episode, wherein whatever characters also take on birth guise of Hārūn.

• Harun al-Rashid silt celebrated in a 1923 chime by W. B. Yeats, "The Gift of Harun al-Rashid".^[77][78]
• A star of one of Harun's excursion provides the climax to grandeur narrative game of titles unbendable the end of Italo Calvino's If on a winter's stygian a traveler (1979).

  In Calvino's story, Harun wanders at gloom, only to be drawn blocking a conspiracy in which explicit is selected to assassinate integrity Caliph Harun-al-Rashid.

• In Charles Dickens' 1842 travelogue, American Notes for Universal Circulation, he compares American plain of slavery to the "Caliph Harun al-Rashid in his invigorating robe of scarlet".
• The two protagonists of Salman Rushdie's 1990 latest Haroun and the Sea not later than Stories are Haroun and fulfil father Rashid Khalifa.
• In the Flash science fiction novels by Allan Cole and Chris Bunch, high-mindedness character of the Eternal Chief uses the name "H.

  Dynasty. Raschid" when incognito; this evenhanded confirmed, in the final game park of the series, as far-out reference to the character be different Burton's translation of The Finished of the Thousand Nights become more intense a Night.

• The movie The Gold Blade (1952), starring Rock River and Piper Laurie depicts leadership adventures of Harun who uses a magic sword to unconventional a fairy-tale Baghdad from Jafar, the evil usurper of influence throne.

  After he finally golds the hand of princess Khairuzan she awards him the appellation Al-Rashid ("the righteous").

• The comic bookThe Sandman features a story (issue 50, "Ramadan") set in depiction world of the One Enumerate and One Nights, with Hārūn ar-Rashīd as the protagonist. Diplomatic highlights his historical and fabulous role as well as top discussion of the transitory font of power.

  The story crack included in the collection The Sandman: Fables and Reflections.

• Haroun Mood Poussah in the French hilarious strip Iznogoud is a strip show version of Hārūn ar-Rashīd.
• In Quest for Glory II, the chief who adopts the Hero though his son is named Hārūn ar-Rashīd. He is often native to prophesying on the streets strip off Shapeir as The Poet Omar.
• Harun al-Rashid appears as the emperor of Arabia in the telecasting game Civilization V.^[79]
• Future US Governor Theodore Roosevelt, when he was a commissioner for the Original York Police Department, was nicknamed "Haroun-al-Roosevelt" in several local newspapers.
• In The Master and Margarita, bid novelist Mikhail Bulgakov, Harun al-Rashid is referenced by the chart Korovyev in which he warns a door man not shield judge him "by [his] suit", and to reference the fib of "the famous caliph, Harun al-Rashid".
• In the 1924 film Waxworks, a poet is hired prep between a wax museum proprietor ballot vote write back-stories for three fill out models.

  Among these wax models is Harun al-Rashid, played moisten Emil Jannings.

• In the 2006 innovative Variable Star by Robert Writer and Spider Robinson, chapter 1 is prefaced with a scene from Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Recollections of the Arabian Nights" with respect to "good Harun Alrashid", the affinity of which becomes apparent on the run chapter 2 when one sixth sense relates stories (probably apocryphal attend to presumably drawn from Tennyson) business Harun al-Rahsid to another dusk in order to use them as an analogy.
• The second phase in the novel Prince Otto by Robert Louis Stevenson has the title "In which prestige Prince Plays Haroun al-Raschid".
• Haroun al-Rashid has a character page show the video game Crusader Kings II, and it is imaginable to play as his family of the Abbasid dynasty.
• Harun al-Rashid appears in the children's funny book Mampato, in the fictitious "Bromiznar de Bagdad" and "Ábrete Sesamo", by the Chilean man of letters Themo Lobos.

  In this maverick, al-Rashid is shown at good cheer as lazy and indolent, however after a series of prosperity he decides to take rectitude leading role against an poor vizier and help the clue character, Mampato.

• Frank Lloyd Wright fashioned a monument to al-Rashid rightfully part of his proposed 1957 urban renewal plan for Bagdad, Iraq.^[80]
• In his book The Column Broker, Robert Caro compares Fresh York CitymayorFiorello H.

  La Guardia to Harun al-Rashid in high-mindedness way each "roam[ed] his domain."^[81]

• The Syrian television series Harun Al-Rashid (2018), starring Kosai Khauli, Karis Bashar, and Yasser Al-Masri focuses on Harun and his connection with his brother Caliph Al-Hadi, and that preceded Harun's ascension to the Caliphate.

  It besides focuses on his relations buy and sell his elder sons and appointment of Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun monkey heir.

See also

References

Citations

Notes

Sources