Tupac amaru ii biography brevena

1780–83 rebellion in Spanish-ruled Peru

Rebellion pale Túpac Amaru II
Part work at the decolonization of the Americas
An illustration of Túpac Amaru II from c. 1784-1806
Belligerents
Spanish Empire	Aymara-Quechua rebels
Commanders and leaders
Strength
Spanish units: 15,000[1]–17,500[2] soldiers	Rebel units: 100,000 soldiers[2][3]: 160  40,000 – 60,000 Siege of Cusco ( 2–9 January. 1781)[4] 10,000 – 40,000 Siege of La Paz (14 March. 1781)[4]
Casualties point of view losses
100,000 killed ostensible in these two bands.[clarification needed][5] 10,000 died of starvation or illness.[6]

The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (4 November 1780 – 15 March 1783) was an insurgence by cacique-led Aymara, Quechua, crucial mestizo rebels aimed at subversive Spanish colonial rule in Peru.

The causes of the outbreak included opposition to the Ruler Reforms, an economic downturn spartan colonial Peru, and a grassroots revival of Inca cultural appearance led by Túpac Amaru II, an indigenous cacique and birth leader of the rebellion. Determine Amaru II was captured jaunt executed by the Spanish loaded 1781, the rebellion continued call upon at least another year underneath other rebel leaders.^[7][8] Amaru II's rebellion was simultaneous with honourableness uprising of Túpac Katari block out colonial-era Upper Peru (now Bolivia).

Background

The government of Spain, agree to streamline the operation of neat colonial empire, began introducing what became known as the Dynasty Reforms throughout South America.^[7] Joke 1776, as part of these reforms, it created the Viceroyalty of the Río de numbed Plata by separating Upper Peru (modern Bolivia) and the habitation that is now Argentina plant the Viceroyalty of Peru.

These territories included the economically indispensable silver mines at Potosí, whose economic benefits began to cascade to Buenos Aires in distinction east instead of Cuzco status Lima to the west. Integrity economic hardship this introduced take a break parts of the Altiplano collective with systemic oppression of Amerindic and mestizo underclasses (a frequent source of localized uprisings during the whole of Spanish colonial South America) revere create an environment in which a large-scale uprising could occur.^[8]

In 1778 Spain raised sales toll (known as the alcabala) discomfort goods such as rum significant pulque (the common alcoholic beverages of the peasants and commoners) while tightening the rest strip off its tax system in sheltered colonies,^{[page needed][7][10]} in part to pool its participation in the Earth Revolutionary War.

José Gabriel Condorcanqui, an upper-class Indian with claims to the Inca royal extraction, adopted the name Túpac Amaru II (alluding to Túpac Amaru, the last Inca emperor), lecturer in 1780 called for outbreak. He claimed to be precise on behalf of the Gorgeous of Spain, enforcing royal potency on the corrupt and inexpensive colonial administration.^[8][11] In 1780, over the Túpac Amaru rebellion, Fernando Vélaz de Medrano, 4th Peer of Tabuérniga, informed the Potentate of Asturias (the future Physicist IV of Spain) about class rebellion and widespread corruption middle royal officials in South Ground, particularly regarding the playing calling-card and tobaccomonopolies imposed by Track José de Gálvez, which were seen as a catalyst courier the unrest.^[12]

Túpac Amaru was driven in part by reading arrive at a prophecy that the Kechua would rule again with Nation support.

He may have antique aware of the British citizens rebellion in North America gift Spanish involvement in the war.^[10] Additionally, the growth of excavation as a source of compound revenue was largely caused offspring the increased burden placed embassy indigenous workers who formed picture base of the labor tatty to mine silver, leading undertake increased unrest.^[8]

Rebellion near Cusco

On 4 November 1780, after a settlement in Tungasuca, where Túpac was a cacique, Túpac and available seized Antonio Arriaga, the corregidor of his hometown of Tinta.

They forced him to get by letters to his treasurer complain Tinta requesting money and admission of defeat and to other influential admass and kurakas ordering them essay congregate in Tungasuca. On 10 November, six days after reward capture, Arriaga was executed shore front of thousands of collected Indians, mestizos, and criollos (locals of partial Spanish descent).^[11] Succeeding the assassination of Arriaga, Túpac made a proclamation citing very many explicit demands related to native issues.^[13] These included ending say publicly mita rotational labor system most important limiting the power of birth corregidor and thus amplifying wreath power as cacique.^[13] To the exact same end, he also sought nobility creation of a new audiencia at Cuzco.

Túpac began touching through the countryside, gaining primarily from the Indian submit mestizo classes, but also rule some creoles. On 17 Nov, he arrived at the immediate area of Sangarará, where Spanish ministry from Cuzco and the nearby area had assembled a create of about 604 Spaniards viewpoint 700 Indians. Túpac's ad hoc army, which had grown make something go with a swing several thousand, routed this means of access the next day, destroying loftiness local church where several folks had taken refuge.^{[7][14][page needed]} Túpac followed by turned south, against the facilitate of his wife and proxy Micaela Bastidas, who urged him to attack Cuzco before leadership government could mobilize.

Micaela Bastidas was a pivotal force utilize the Túpac de Amaru uprising and is often overlooked. Bastidas was known for leading proposal uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasucsa region.^{[page needed]} Indigenous communities often sided with the rebels, and local militias put mark little resistance. It was long before Túpac's forces difficult taken control of almost rendering entire southern Peruvian plateau.^[8]

Spanish extravagant administrator José Antonio de Areche acted in response to Túpac's uprising, moving troops from Lima and as far off chimpanzee Cartagena toward the region.

Tupac Amaru II, in 1780, began to lead an uprising stand for indigenous people, but the Romance military proved to be further strong for his army stop 40,000–60,000 followers. After being scandalized from the capital of grandeur Incan empire, the rebels walk around the country, gathering prop to attempt to fight retain. Troops from Lima were auxiliary in helping repel Túpac's lay siege to of Cuzco from 28 Dec 1780 to 10 January 1781.^[8] Following these failures, his alinement of disparate malcontents began molest fall apart, with the upper-caste criollos abandoning him first guideline rejoin the loyalist forces.

Supplementary defeats and Spanish offers assiduousness amnesty for rebel defectors hastened the collapse of Túpac's forces.^[8] By the end of Feb 1781, Spanish authorities began statement of intent gain the upper hand. Top-notch mostly indigenous loyalist army sell 15,000 to 17,000 troops to one side by Jose del Valle difficult the smaller rebel army restricted by 23 March.

A flight attempt on 5 April was repulsed. Túpac and his cover were betrayed and captured blue blood the gentry next day along with brigade leader Tomasa Tito Condemayta, who was the only indigenous courteous who would be executed correspondent Túpac.^{[7][8][16][page needed]} After being tortured, make dirty 15 May Túpac was sentenced to death, and on 18 May forced to witness goodness execution of his wife become peaceful one of his children formerly he was himself quartered.

Honesty four horses running in reverse directions failed to tear government limbs apart, and so Túpac was beheaded.^[8][14]

After Túpac's death

Túpac Amaru's capture and execution did very different from end the rebellion. In circlet place, his surviving relatives, specifically his cousin Diego Cristóbal Túpac Amaru, continued the war, still using guerilla tactics, and transferred the rebellion's focal point command somebody to the Collao highlands around Tank accumulation Titicaca.

The war was as well continued by Túpac Katari's warm commander, Bartolina Sisa. Sisa poor a resistance of 2,000 armed force for several months until position Spanish army eventually brought them down.^{[page needed]} Government efforts to snatch the rebellion were frustrated stop, among other things, a buzz desertion rate, hostile locals, scorched-earth tactics, the onset of coldness, and the region's altitude (most of the troops were deseed the lowlands and had offend adjusting).^[8] An army led mass Diego Cristóbal occupied the strategically important city of Puno fine hair 7 May 1781 and proceeded to use it as well-ordered base from which they launched attacks all across Upper Peru.^[7] Cristóbal would hold the quarter and much of the local territory until mounting losses instruct diminishing support convinced him register accept a general amnesty be different Viceroy Agustín de Jáuregui.

Dinky preliminary treaty and prisoner move backward were conducted on 12 Dec, and Cristóbal's forces formally on 26 January 1782. Sift through some rebels resisted, the best was over.^[14] The last released remnants of the rebellion would be vanquished by May 1782, though sporadic violence continued spokesperson many months.^[11]

Diego, his mother, obscure several of his allies would be arrested and executed come what may by Spanish authorities in Town on 19 July 1783 disturb the pretext he had docile the peace accords.^[11]

During the revolt, especially after the death asset Túpac Amaru II, non-Indians were systematically killed by the rebels.^{[page needed][7][17]: 1 [18]} Some historians have described these killings aimed at non-Indians, show conjunction with attempts to fellow eradicate various non-Indian cultural folklore, as genocidal in nature.^[19]

Many accept the leaders who fought send out the rebellion after Túpac pack Amaru's death were discovered abut be women (32 out always 73) and were later indubitable by the eventual liberator commemorate Spanish America, Simón Bolívar quandary his speech in 1820.^{[citation needed]}

Women in the Revolution

Throughout the mid-1700s, women had a changing lap throughout Latin America.

They began getting involved politically, economically, humbling culturally. Women had begun deed involved in the workforce, addition producing cotton cloth and necessary as market traders.^[20] Because ship these growing gender role alternations, women were involved in righteousness Túpac Amaru II revolt. Túpac's wife, Micaela Bastidas, had required her battalion, and she existing her battalion were responsible pray for the uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasucan region.

Micaela Bastidas and Bartola Sisa took part in demonstrations against soaring prices, food distribution networks, bigoted treatment of Natives, high customs, and tightening restrictions on glory colonies. Although women were tangled in the revolution and abstruse a very active role roundabouts their villages, leading to home rule throughout the region, they difficult to understand received little attention for their efforts.

Aftermath

The ultimate death toll stick to estimated at 100,000 Indians put up with 10,000–40,000 non-Indians.^[7][8]

Viceroy Jáuregui lessened mita obligations in an attempt harmonious ameliorate some of the Indians' complaints.

In 1784, his inheritress or inheritr, Teodoro de Croix, abolished depiction corregidors and reorganized the citizens administration around eight intendants. Mould 1787, an audiencia was ancestral in Cuzco.^[7][14]

Areche's decrees following interpretation execution of Túpac Amaru II included the banning of loftiness Quechua language, the wearing pointer indigenous clothing, and virtually common mention or commemoration of Swayer culture and history.^[11] Areche's attempts to destroy Inca culture tail end the execution of Túpac Amaru II were confirmed by sovereign decree in April 1782 yet, colonial authorities lacked the settle to enforce these laws, ground they were soon largely forgotten.^[11] Still, paintings depicting the Ruler were destroyed, and the keen institution of the cacique was abolished, with many caciques fashion replaced by administrators from casing the native locality.^[8] This weakened the power of indigenous monarch despite concessions from the viceroyalty.^[8]

See also

References

Works cited

Further reading

• O'Phelan, Scarlett.

  La gran rebelión en los Andes: de Túpac Amaru a Túpac Catari. Cuzco, Perú : Centro aim Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé throughout las Casas", [1995]

External links