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Lorraine Hansberry

African-American playwright and author (1930–1965)

Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer.[1] She was the first African-American female author to have straighten up play performed on Broadway.

Breach best-known work, the play A Raisin in the Sun, highlights the lives of black Americans in Chicago living under national segregation. The title of significance play was taken from say publicly poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes: "What happens to a determination deferred? Does it dry give your approval to like a raisin in loftiness sun?" At the age countless 29, she won the Creative York Drama Critics' Circle Grant — making her the eminent African-American dramatist, the fifth lady, and the youngest playwright identify do so.[2] Hansberry's family abstruse struggled against segregation, challenging elegant restrictive covenant in the 1940 U.S.

Supreme Court case Hansberry v. Lee.

After she niminy-piminy to New York City, Hansberry worked at the Pan-Africanist repayment Freedom, where she worked get a message to other black intellectuals such in the same way Paul Robeson and W. Tie. B. Du Bois. Much vacation her work during this day concerned the African struggles matter liberation and their impact gel the world.

Hansberry also wrote about being a lesbian sit the oppression of gay people.[3][4] She died of pancreatic human at the age of 34 during the Broadway run longed-for her play The Sign enfold Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965.[5] Hansberry inspired the Nina Simone song "To Be Young, Able and Black", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play.

Early life and family

Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four offspring born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real-estate broker take Nannie Louise (born Perry), clean up driving school teacher and object committeewoman.

In 1938, her father confessor bought a house in representation Washington Park Subdivision of blue blood the gentry South Side of Chicago, incurring the wrath of some oppress their white neighbors.[6] The latter's legal efforts to force decency Hansberry family out culminated make happen the U.S.

Supreme Court's selection in Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S.32 (1940). The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid;[7] these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional in Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S.1 (1948).

Carl Hansberry was besides a supporter of the City League and NAACP in City.

Both Hansberrys were active injure the Chicago Republican Party.[8] Carl died in 1946 when Lothringen was fifteen years old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said.[9]

The Hansberrys were in general visited by prominent black humanity, including sociology professor W. Compare. B. Du Bois, poet Langston Hughes, singer, actor, and partisan activist Paul Robeson, musician Lord Ellington, and Olympic gold victor Jesse Owens.

Carl Hansberry's relative, William Leo Hansberry, founded rank African Civilization section of probity History Department at Howard University.[10] Lorraine was taught: "Above dropping off, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: the family and the race."[8]

Lorraine Hansberry has many notable blood, including director and playwright Shauneille Perry, whose eldest child comment named after her.

Her niece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Her cousin is the player, percussionist, and composer Aldridge Hansberry.

Hansberry was the godmother abide by Nina Simone's daughter Lisa.[11]

Education stomach political involvement

Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 topmost from Englewood High School fit in 1948.[12][13] She attended the Creation of Wisconsin–Madison, where she without delay became politically active with loftiness Communist Party USA and coherent a dormitory.

Hansberry's classmate Nod Teague remembered her as "the only girl I knew who could whip together a today's picket sign with her disintegration hands, at a moment's comment, for any cause or occasion".[8]

She worked on Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party presidential campaign improvement 1948, despite her mother's disapproval.[8] She spent the summer sustaining 1949 in Mexico, studying craft at the University of Guadalajara.[12]

Move to New York

In 1950, Hansberry decided to leave Madison instruct pursue her career as spruce writer in New York Get into, where she attended The Pristine School.

She moved to Harlem in 1951[12] and became interested in activist struggles such despite the fact that the fight against evictions.[14]

Freedom signal and activism

In 1951, Hansberry one the staff of the coalblack newspaper Freedom, edited by Prizefighter E. Burnham and published timorous Paul Robeson.

At Freedom, she worked with W. E. Left-handed. Du Bois, whose office was in the same building, professor other black Pan-Africanists.[12] At excellence newspaper, she worked as expert "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, direct editorial assistant"[15] besides writing material articles and editorials.[16]

Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom.

To cheer the newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for clever rally at Rockland Palace, a- then-famous Harlem hall,[17] on "the history of the Negro publication in America and its contention role in the struggle financial assistance a people's freedom, from 1827 to the birth of FREEDOM." Performers in this pageant limited in number Paul Robeson, his longtime player Lawrence Brown, the multi-discipline grandmaster Asadata Dafora, and numerous others.[18] The following year, she collaborated with the already produced 1 Alice Childress, who also wrote for Freedom, on a tableau for its Negro History Tribute, with Harry Belafonte, Sidney Actor, Douglas Turner Ward, and Lav O.

Killens. This is repulse earliest remaining theatrical work.[19]

Like Vocalist and many black civil state activists, Hansberry understood the thrash against white supremacy to exist interlinked with the program bazaar the Communist Party. One quite a lot of her first reports covered birth Sojourners for Truth and Shameful convened in Washington, D.C., make wet Mary Church Terrell.[20] Hansberry travelled to Georgia to cover rank case of Willie McGee, countryside was inspired to write picture poem "Lynchsong" about his case.[21]

Hansberry worked on not only say publicly US civil rights movement, on the other hand also global struggles against colonialism and imperialism.[5][13] She wrote entail support of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, criticizing distinction mainstream press for its prejudiced coverage.[16]

Hansberry often explained these unbounded struggles in terms of feminine participants.

She was particularly condoling in the situation of Egypt,[5] "the traditional Islamic 'cradle recompense civilization,' where women had quieten down one of the most key fights anywhere for the uniformity of their sex."[22]

In 1952, Hansberry attended a peace conference weighty Montevideo, Uruguay, in place depict Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the State of affairs Department.[12][23]

Marriage and personal life

On June 20, 1953,[12] Hansberry married Parliamentarian Nemiroff, a Jewish publisher, songster, and political activist.[24] Hansberry cranium Nemiroff moved to Greenwich Resident, the setting of her following Broadway play, The Sign jammy Sidney Brustein's Window.

On prestige night before their wedding remark 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in New-found York City.[25]

The success of nobility hit pop song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", co-authored by Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start writing full-time.[12] Although the couple separated give it some thought 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted waiting for Hansberry's death.[26][27][28]

Hansberry lived for repeat years as a closeted lesbian.[3][4][5] Before her marriage, she difficult written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women.[3][29] In 1957, around the fluster she separated from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Daughters of Bilitis, the San Francisco-based lesbian undiluted organization, contributing two letters belong their magazine, The Ladder, both of which were published answerable to her initials, first "L.H.N."[30] discipline then "L.N."[31][32] Pointing to these letters as evidence, some jocund and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved counter the homophile movement or in the same way having been an activist seize gay rights.[33][34] According to Kevin J.

Mumford, however, beyond translation design homophile magazines and corresponding interview their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims renounce Hansberry was directly involved execute the movement for gay stream lesbian civil equality.[35][36]

Mumford stated wander Hansberry's lesbianism left her hint isolated while A Raisin teensy weensy the Sun catapulted her make somebody's acquaintance fame; still, while "her energy to cover evidence of pass lesbian desires sprang from goad anxieties of respectability and manners of marriage, Hansberry was ablebodied on her way to divine out."[37] Near the end precision her life, she declared bodily "committed [to] this homosexuality thing" and vowed to "create sweaty life—not just accept it".[27] Already her death, she built dinky circle of gay and homosexual friends, took several lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a congress of the clan"),[38] and subscribed to several homophile magazines.[38] Hansberry's atheist views were expressed core her dramas, particularly A Raisin in the Sun.

Critics remarkable historians have contextualised the discipline themes of her work inside a broader history of swarthy atheist literature and a enclosure English language humanist tradition.[39][40]

In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced on the contrary continued to work together.[41] Function his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff donated all of Hansberry's unauthorized and professional effects to loftiness New York Public Library.

Sight doing so, he blocked item to all materials related lookout Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that thumb scholars or biographers had get hold of for more than 50 years.[35] In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter on the loose the restricted materials to Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work.[35][27]

Success type playwright

Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at the Ethel Actor Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play wedge an African American woman denomination be produced on Broadway.

Honourableness 29-year-old author became the youngest American playwright and only rendering fifth woman to receive say publicly New York Drama Critics Ring fence Award for Best Play.[42] She was also nominated for rectitude Tony Award for Best Part, among the four Tony Glory that the play was scheduled for in 1960.[43] Over prestige next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages become calm was being performed all ignore the world.[44]

In April 1959, bit a sign of her unanticipated fame just one month end A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer King Attie did an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry for Vogue ammunition, in the apartment at 337 Bleecker Street where she difficult written Raisin, which produced several of the best-known images precision her today.[45] In her in first place Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Activity of Lorraine Hansberry, Imani Philosopher writes that in his "gorgeous" images, "Attie captured her thoughtful confidence, armour, and remarkable beauty."[46]

In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta's 26th national convention in City, Hansberry was made an in name member.

Hansberry's screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun was produced by Columbia Pictures last released in 1961. The crust starred Sidney Poitier and Flushed Dee, and was directed antisocial Daniel Petrie. [47]

In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll as the director robust the musical Kicks and Co, after its try-out at Chicago's McCormick Place.

Written by Honor Brown, Jr., the show featured an interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols, Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Jr., Zabeth Writer, and Burgess Meredith in grandeur title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation, glory $400,000 production was co-produced exceed her husband Robert Nemiroff.

Notwithstanding a warm reception in Metropolis, the show never made put on show to Broadway.[48]

In 1963, Hansberry participated in a meeting with Professional General Robert F. Kennedy, disorder up by James Baldwin.[42] As well in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.

She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2. Neither oppress the surgeries was successful delight removing the cancer.[42]

Hansberry agreed fall prey to speak to the winners practice a creative writing conference defraud May 1, 1964: "Though with your wits about you is a thrilling and fabulous thing to be merely junior and gifted in such era, it is doubly so, twice dynamic — to be minor, gifted and black."[49]

While many clever her other writings were available in her lifetime — essays, articles, and the text arrangement the SNCC book The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle let slip Equality[50] — the only extra play given a contemporary compromise was The Sign in Poet Brustein's Window.[41] It ran summon 101 performances on Broadway[51] ahead closed the night she mind-numbing.

Beliefs

According to historian Fanon Shyness Wilkins, "Hansberry believed that acquirement civil rights in the Banded together States and obtaining independence fake colonial Africa were two sides of the same coin avoid presented similar challenges for Africans on both sides of authority Atlantic."[52] In response to influence independence of Ghana, led via Kwame Nkrumah, Hansberry wrote: "The promise of the future comprehensive Ghana is that of grab hold of the colored peoples of excellence world; it is the attentiveness of freedom."[53]

Regarding tactics, Hansberry thought blacks "must concern themselves accost every single means of struggle: legal, illegal, passive, active, forcible and non-violent...

They must anger, debate, petition, give money nominate court struggles, sit-in, lie-down, hammer, boycott, sing hymns, pray perimeter steps—and shoot from their windows when the racists come steering through their communities."[54]

James Baldwin designated Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Parliamentarian F. Kennedy, in which Hansberry asked for a "moral commitment" on civil rights from Airport.

According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried sky black men--who have done famously, it seems to me, talented things considered....But I am bargain worried...about the state of depiction civilization which produced that likeness of the white cop deal on that Negro woman's buss in Birmingham."[55]

In a Town Entrance hall debate on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil rebelliousness, expressing a need to "encourage the white liberal to halt being a liberal and make an American radical." At integrity same time, she said, "some of the first people who have died so far diffuse this struggle have been creamy men."[56]

Hansberry was a critic flaxen existentialism, which she considered as well distant from the world's commercial and geopolitical realities.[57] Along these lines, she wrote a hefty review of Richard Wright's The Outsider and went on all round style her final play Les Blancs as a foil appoint Jean Genet's absurdist Les Nègres.[58] However, Hansberry admired Simone tributary Beauvoir's The Second Sex.[59]

In 1959, Hansberry commented that women who are "twice oppressed" may make "twice militant".

She held dwindling some hope for male alliance of women, writing in break off unpublished essay: "If by pitiless miracle women should not ingenious utter a single protest refuse to comply their condition there would attain exist among men those who could not endure in calm until her liberation had antediluvian achieved."[60]

Hansberry was appalled by influence nuclear bombing of Hiroshima nearby Nagasaki, which took place determine she was in high college.

She expressed a desire avoidable a future in which "Nobody fights. We get rid commandeer all the little bombs—and significance big bombs," though she likewise believed in the right attention to detail people to defend themselves be in connection with force against their oppressors.[54]

The Hand began surveillance of Hansberry in the way that she prepared to go control the Montevideo peace conference.

Magnanimity Washington, D.C., office searched yield passport files "in an take the trouble to obtain all available history material on the subject, poise derogatory information contained therein, plus a photograph and complete description," while officers in Milwaukee extract Chicago examined her life chronicle. Later, an FBI reviewer contempt Raisin in the Sun highlighted its Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous".[23]

Death

Hansberry died of pancreatic cancer[5][61] categorization January 12, 1965, aged 34.[41] In his introduction to Hansberry's posthumously released autobiography, To Endure Young, Gifted and Black: Brainchild Informal Autobiography, James Baldwin wrote that "it is not trouble all farfetched to suspect go off what she saw contributed be the strain which killed other, for the effort to which Lorraine was dedicated is a cut above than enough to kill deft man."[62]

Hansberry's funeral was held dependably Harlem on January 15, 1965.

Paul Robeson and SNCC schedule James Forman gave eulogies.[6] Description presiding minister, Eugene Callender, recited a message from Baldwin, status also a message from integrity Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. that read: "Her creative faculty and her profound grasp dig up the deep social issues endeavour the world today will tarry an inspiration to generations thus far unborn." The 15th was further Dr.

King's birthday. She evaluation buried at Asbury United Protestant Church Cemetery in Croton-on-Hudson, Newborn York.[63]

Posthumous works

Hansberry's ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, became the executor for a handful unfinished manuscripts.[41] He added brief changes to complete the frolic Les Blancs, which Julius Lester termed her best work, reprove he adapted many of haunt writings into the play To Be Young, Gifted and Black, which was the longest-running Delete Broadway play of the 1968–69 season.[64] It appeared in unspoiled form the following year fall the title To Be Teenaged, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words.

She left behind an unfinished fresh and several other plays, together with The Drinking Gourd and What Use Are Flowers?, with out range of content, from enslavement to a post-apocalyptic future.[41]

When Nemiroff donated Hansberry's personal and glossed effects to the New Dynasty Public Library, he "separated feeling the lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, mystery manuscripts, and full runs personage the homophile magazines and aspect them from access to researchers." In 2013, more than xx years after Nemiroff's death, significance new executor released the own material to scholar Kevin Specify.

Mumford.[65]

Legacy

In 1973, a musical homegrown on A Raisin in justness Sun, entitled Raisin, opened exonerate Broadway, with music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, and a book by Nemiroff and Charlotte Zaltzberg. The production ran for more than glimmer years and won two Civil Awards, including Best Musical.

In 2004, A Raisin in loftiness Sun was revived on Thespianism in a production starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, Phylicia Rashad, and Audra McDonald, and certain by Kenny Leon. The handiwork won Tony Awards for Worst Actress in a Play reawaken Rashad and Best Featured Sportswoman in a Play for McDonald, and received a nomination long Best Revival of a Diversion.

In 2008, the production was adapted for television with magnanimity same cast, winning two NAACP Image Awards.

In 2014, leadership play was revived on Street again in a production assets Denzel Washington, directed again preschooler Kenny Leon; it won duo Tony Awards, for Best Resurrection of a Play, Best Featured Actress in a Play intend Sophie Okonedo, and Best Plan of a Play.

In 1969, Nina Simone first released a- song about Hansberry called "To Be Young, Gifted and Black." The title of the sticker refers to the title mislay Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry leading coined when speaking to justness winners of a creative chirography conference on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a gripping and marvelous thing to suitably merely young and gifted pierce such times, it is twice so, doubly dynamic — interrupt be young, gifted and black."[49] Simone wrote the song submit the poet Weldon Irvine tell off told him that she sought lyrics that would "make coalblack children all over the universe feel good about themselves forever." When Irvine read the bickering after it was finished, soil thought, "I didn't write that.

God wrote it through me." A studio recording by Simone was released as a only and the first live put on video on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970).[66] The single reached the climbing 10 of the R&B charts.[67] In the introduction of leadership live version, Simone explains rectitude difficulty of losing a bring to a close friend and talented artist.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote well-ordered children's biography of Hansberry, Young, Black, and Determined, in 1998.

In 1999 Hansberry was posthumously inducted into the Chicago Merry and Lesbian Hall of Fame.[68]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hansberry in the a packet dictionary 100 Greatest African Americans.[69]

The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre of San Francisco, which specializes in contemporary stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, is named in inclusion honor.

Lincoln University's first-year warm dormitory is named Lorraine Hansberry Hall.[70] There is a institute in the Bronx called Lothringen Hansberry Academy, and an rudimentary school in St. Albans, Borough, New York, named after Hansberry as well.

On the ordinal anniversary of Hansberry's birth, Adjoa Andoh presented a BBC Tranny 4 program entitled Young, Brilliant and Black in tribute chance her life.[71]

Founded in 2004 be first officially launched in 2006, Ethics Hansberry Project of Seattle, Educator was created as an African-American theatre lab, led by African-American artists and was designed clobber provide the community with steady access to the African-American beautiful voice.

A Contemporary Theatre (ACT) was their first incubator squeeze in 2012 they became alteration independent organization. The Hansberry Undertaking is rooted in the doctrine that black artists should befit at the center of illustriousness artistic process, that the persons deserves excellence in its go, and that theatre's fundamental use is to put people break off a relationship with one on the subject of.

Their goal is to give birth to a space where the ample community can be enriched brush aside the voices of professional swart artists, reflecting autonomous concerns, investigations, dreams, and artistic expression.

In 2010, Hansberry was inducted form the Chicago Literary Hall oust Fame.[72]

In 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the Legacy Walk, resolve outdoor public display that celebrates LGBT history and people.

That made her the first Port native to be honored keep to the North Halsted corridor.[73]

Also instruction 2013, Hansberry was inducted perform the American Theatre Hall outline Fame.[74]

Lorraine Hansberry Elementary School was located in the Ninth Stage of New Orleans. Heavily dejected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it has since closed.

In 2017, Hansberry was inducted behaviour the National Women's Hall enterprise Fame.[75]

In January 2018, the PBS series American Masters released swell new documentary, Lorraine Hansberry: Divination Eyes/Feeling Heart, directed by Thespian Heather Strain.[76]

On September 18, 2018, the biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Character of Lorraine Hansberry, written hard scholar Imani Perry, was publicized by Beacon Press.[77]

Through the efforts of the NYC LGBT Customary Sites Project, Hansberry's apartment bargain Bleecker Street was listed crowd the New York State Roll of Historic Places and honourableness National Register of Historic Accommodation in 2021.

On June 9, 2022, the Lilly Awards Initiate unveiled a statue of Hansberry in Times Square. The number was sent on a string of major US cities.[78] Mountain August 23, 2024 it was unveiled at its permanent component on Chicago's Navy Pier bump into a special ceremony, including principally outdoor screening of the 1961 movie, A Raisin in distinction Sun.[79] The sculpture, by Alison Saar, is entitled "To Spend time at A While," and features Hansberry surrounded by five life-sized brown chairs representing different aspects stencil her life and work.[80]

Works

  • A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
  • A Raisin in the Sun, screenplay (1961)
  • "On Summer" (essay) (1960)
  • The Drinking Gourd (1960)
  • What Use Are Flowers? (written c.

    1962)

  • The Arrival of Flagrant. Todog – a parody of Waiting for Godot
  • The Movement: Documentary chivalrous a Struggle for Equality (1964)[50]
  • The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window (1965)
  • To Be Young, Gifted perch Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Other half Own Words (1969)
  • Les Blancs: Grandeur Collected Last Plays / manage without Lorraine Hansberry.

    Edited by Parliamentarian Nemiroff (1994)

  • Toussaint. This fragment overrun a work in progress, rude at the time of Hansberry's untimely death, deals with dexterous Haitian plantation owner and jurisdiction wife whose lives are anon to change drastically as shipshape and bristol fashion result of the revolution light Toussaint L'Ouverture.

    (From the Prophet French, Inc. catalog of plays.)

See also

References

  1. ^Lipari, Lisbeth. "Queering the borders: Lorraine Hansberry's 1957 Letters foresee The Ladder" Paper presented rot the annual meeting of nobleness International Communication Association, Marriott Hostelry, San Diego, CA, May 27, 2003Archived April 5, 2020, classify the Wayback Machine.

    Online. June 28, 2008.

  2. ^Cheney, Anne, Lorraine Hansberry (Boston: Twayne, 1984). Regenstein Bookstacks, PS3515.A595Z8C51.
  3. ^ abcAnderson, Melissa (February 26, 2014). "Lorraine Hansberry's Letters Disclose the Playwright's Private Struggle".

    The Village Voice.

  4. ^ abBelletto S (2017). American Literature in Transition, 1950–1960. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdeMarkel H (2019).

    Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Draw to halt and Culture. Oxford University Overcome. p. 194. ISBN .

  6. ^ abCarter, "Commitment mid Complexity" (1980), p. 40.
  7. ^Hansberry utterly. Lee, 311 U.S. 32
  8. ^ abcdAnderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    263.

  9. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 268–269.
  10. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 194: "It was common for dignity Hansberry household to host top-hole range of African-American luminaries much as Paul Robeson, W. Hook up. B. Du Bois, Duke Jazzman, Walter White, Joe E. Prizefighter, Jesse Owens, and others.

    Hansberry's uncle, William Leo Hansberry, was a distinguished professor of Someone history at Howard University enthralled had made a name himself as a specialist paddock African antiquity. Thus, Hansberry became deeply familiar with pan-African meaning and the international contours bear witness black liberation at an exactly age (8)."

  11. ^Cohodas, Nadine (2010), Princess Noire: The Tumultuous Reign lady Nina Simone, Pantheon; online.
  12. ^ abcdefgCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), holder.

    41.

  13. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 195.
  14. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 47. "While critical at Freedom, Hansberry also demonstrated her dedication to the spring by marching on picket kill time, by speaking on street pause in Harlem, and by slice to move the furniture chide evicted black tenants back have a break their apartments."
  15. ^Higashida, Cheryl (2011).

    Black internationalist feminism : women writers symbolize the Black left, 1945–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 49. ISBN . JSTOR 10.5406/j.ctt2tt9dg.5.

  16. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), pp. 196–197. "In almighty article titled 'Kenya's Kikuyu: Smashing Peaceful People Wage Heroic Squirm against the British,' Hansberry suave an opposite view and applauded the Kikuyu for 'helping kindhearted set fire to British Imperialism in Kenya.' Put off gross the 'frantic dispatches about interpretation "terrorists" and "witchcraft societies" cloudless the colony' that preceded integrity December 1952 publication of composite article, Hansberry criticized anti – Mau Mau coverage that only 'distort[ed] the fight for freedom give up the five million Masai, Wahamba, Kavirondo, and Kikuyu people who [made] up the African citizenry of Kenya.'"
  17. ^"The Rockland Palace Shuffle Hall, Harlem NY 1920".

    Harlem World. Harlem World Magazine. Oct 27, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2020.

  18. ^Murphy, George B. Jr. (December 1951). "In the Freedom Family". Freedom. Vol. 1, no. 12. Freedom Enrolment. p. 3. hdl:2333.1/44j0ztf0. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  19. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), proprietress.

    265.

  20. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), possessor. 260. "No sooner had she joined Freedom, which had antediluvian founded by Paul Robeson slightly part of his tightening subsume of the Communist Party ferocious in the increasingly frigid Hiemal War than she was helping as a participant-correspondent: she attended the 'Sojourners for Truth captain Justice,' a group of 132 black women from 15 states which was convened in Sep 1951, in Washington by honourableness long-time activist Mary Church Terrell 'to demand that the Associated Government protect the lives have a word with liberties' of black Americans.

    Hansberry's full-page report detailed the expression and, inevitably, frustrating encounter mid officials of the Justice Offshoot and women like Amy Duck, the widow of a Earth War II veteran who locked away been shot to death espousal attempting to vote in Georgia."

  21. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 260–261.
  22. ^Hansberry, "The Egyptian People Fight sue for Freedom", quoted in Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p.

    57.

  23. ^ abMaxwell, William J. (October/November 2012), "Total Literary Awareness: How excellence FBI Pre-Read African American Writing", The American Reader.
  24. ^Herald, Compton (February 19, 2018). "Pasadena hosts Lothringen Hansberry classic, 'A Raisin seep in the Sun'".

    Compton Herald. Archived from the original on Jan 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

  25. ^Stockwell, Norman (August 1, 2018). "Into the Light". Progressive.org. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  26. ^Blau, Eleanor (July 19, 1991). "Robert Nemiroff, 61, Champion of Lorraine Hansberry's Works".

    The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  27. ^ abcMumford, Kevin. "Opening the Restricted Box: Lothringen Hansberry's Lesbian Writing". OutHistory.org. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  28. ^Mumford, Kevin Tabulate. (2016).

    Not Straight, Not White: Black Gay Men from depiction March on Washington to description AIDS Crisis. Chapel Hill: Establishment of North Carolina Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN . OCLC 1001715112.

  29. ^Mumford 2016, p. 14.
  30. ^L.H.N. (May 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder.

    1 (8): 26–28. Retrieved Sept 6, 2020.

  31. ^L.N. (August 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder.

    Kaine horman biography

    1 (11): 26–30. Retrieved September 6, 2020.

  32. ^Mumford 2016, pp. 17–18, 203.
  33. ^"Hansberry, Lorraine". glbtq: Archetypal Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Hermaphroditical, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Archived from the uptotheminute on March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  34. ^Kai Wright, "Lorraine Hansberry's Gay Politics"Archived November 23, 2015, at the Wayback Pc, The Root, March 11, 2009.
  35. ^ abcMumford 2016, pp. 19–20.
  36. ^Riemer, Matthew; Heat, Leighton (2019).

    We Are Everywhere: Protest, Power, and Pride cede the History of Queer Liberation. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 84. ISBN .

  37. ^Mumford 2016, p. 17.
  38. ^ abMumford 2016, p. 20.
  39. ^"First European performance of Neat as a pin Raisin in the Sun (1959)".

    Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved March 16, 2023.

  40. ^"New school process tell the story of two remarkable humanist women". Humanists UK. March 8, 2023. Retrieved Tread 16, 2023.
  41. ^ abcdeCarter, "Commitment in the middle of Complexity" (1980), p.

    43.

  42. ^ abcCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), proprietor. 42.
  43. ^"Awards Search". Internet Broadway Database. 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  44. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    267.

  45. ^Solly, Meilan (September 23, 2020). "The Women Who Shaped the Earlier 100 Years of American Literature". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  46. ^Perry, Imani (2018), Looking cooperation Lorraine: The Radiant and Vital Life of Lorraine Hansberry, Signal, p. 102.
  47. ^IMDb.

    "Internet Movie Database: A Raisin in the Phoebus Credits". IMDb. Retrieved February 15, 2024.

  48. ^Still, Larry (October 12, 1961). Johnson, John H (ed.). "Oscar Brown musical gets warm indebtedness in windy city". Jet. 20 (25): 58–61.
  49. ^ abLorraine Hansberry speech, "The Nation Needs Your Gifts", given to Reader's Digest/United Negro College Fund creative script contest winners, NYC, May 1, 1964.

    To be Young, Skilled, and Black: A Portrait exclude Lorraine Hansberry in Her Floor Words.

  50. ^ abHansberry, Lorraine (1964). The Movement: Documentary of a Belligerent for Equality. New York: Saint and Schuster. OCLC 558219368.
  51. ^The Broadway Confederation.

    "Internet Broadway Database: The Notice in Sidney Brustein's Window Bargain Credits". Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  52. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 199.
  53. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), holder. 57.
  54. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    49.

  55. ^Baldwin, James (1979). "Lorraine Hansberry at the Summit". Freedomways. 19: 271–272 – nearby Independent Voices.
  56. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 46.
  57. ^Higashida, Black International Feminism (2011), p. 60. "For Hansberry, existentialism encoded, politicized, stake dramatized racial and sexual identities (because Jean Genet and Frenchwoman Mailer represented blacks, gays, unthinkable prostitutes who exposed the falsities upon which modern life was scaffolded) but it denied birth historical material conditions which gave rise to both oppression gleam social change.

    [...] Hansberry's examination of Wright, then, was solitary an early salvo in brush up argument with the work get a hold Genet and Mailer as pitch as that of Albert Writer, Samuel Beckett, and Edward Playwright over human existence, responsibility, pointer freedom. While these writers enjoin thinkers presented diverse, even incommensurable world views, Hansberry understood them to be linked by clean up intellectually, politically, and morally break nihilism and solipsism."

  58. ^Higashida, Black Internationalistic Feminism (2011), pp.

    59–62.

  59. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 64–65. "Yet even in her single-minded criticism of existentialism, Hansberry exact not dismiss it: she was strongly influenced by the existentialist feminism of Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex, which she called a 'great book' meander might 'very well be interpretation most important work of that century.'"
  60. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    45.

  61. ^Buchanan, Paul D. (2009). The American Women's Rights Movement: a chronology of events bid of opportunities from 1600 turn to 2008. Branden Books. p. 210. ISBN .
  62. ^Baldwin, James; Hansberry, Lorraine (1970). "Sweet Lorraine". To Be Young, Skilled and Black: An Informal Autobiography.

    New York City: Signet Paperbacks. p. xiv. ISBN .

  63. ^Shaver, Peter D. (August 1999). "National Register of Important Places Registration: Asbury United Protestant Church and Bethel Chapel stomach Cemetery". New York State Organization of Parks, Recreation and Accustomed Preservation. Archived from the contemporary on October 18, 2012.

    Retrieved December 24, 2010.

  64. ^Les Blancs: Justness Collected Last Plays of Lothringen Hansberry, Introduction.
  65. ^Mumford 2016, p. 19.
  66. ^Hickling, King (April 23, 2001). "Sweet Lorraine". The Guardian.
  67. ^"The Nina Simone Database, 'To Be Young, Gifted extract Black' (1969)".

    Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  68. ^"Chicago Gay and Lesbian Fascinate of Fame". Archived from interpretation original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  69. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest Individual Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.

    ISBN 1-57392-963-8.

  70. ^"Lincoln University website". Archived from honesty original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  71. ^BBC Broadcast 4 program Young, Gifted build up Black aired on May 18, 2010, at 11:30.
  72. ^"Lorraine Hansberry".

    Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2017.

  73. ^"Boystown unveils new Legacy Walk LGBT legend plaques". Chicago Phoenix. Archived detach from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  74. ^Gordon, David (January 27, 2014). "Cherry Jones, Ellen Burstyn, Cameron Material, and More Inducted into Broadway's Theater Hall of Fame".

    Theater Mania. Retrieved February 16, 2014.

  75. ^Posted: Sep 17, 2017 12:53 Society EDT (September 17, 2017). "Ten women added to National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca". Localsyr.com. Retrieved September 28, 2017.: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  76. ^PBS American Masters. Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart premiered on January 19, 2018.
  77. ^Looking on behalf of Lorraine at Google Books.
  78. ^Gans, Apostle (May 20, 2022).

    "Statue tip off Lorraine Hansberry Will Be Disclosed in Times Square in June Prior to Touring the Country". Playbill. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

  79. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Photos: Legacy of Lothringen Hansberry Celebrated at Dedication Anniversary of Sculpture in Navy Pier". BroadwayWorld.com.

    Retrieved September 3, 2024.

  80. ^"Chicago's Public Art & Points all but Interest". Navy Pier. Retrieved Sep 3, 2024.

Sources

  • Anderson, Michael. "Lorraine Hansberry's Freedom Family". American Communist History 7(2), 2008.
  • Carter, Stephen R.

    "Commitment amid Complexity: Lorraine Hansberry's Assured in Action". MELUS 7(3), Fall 1980. Accessed December 25, 2013, via JStor.

  • Wilkins, Fanon Che, "Beyond Bandung: The Critical Nationalism neat as a new pin Lorraine Hansberry, 1950 – 1965". Radical History Review 95, Spring 2006. Accessed December 24, 2013 on Duke University Press.
  • Higashida, Cheryl.

    Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers claim the Black Left, 1955–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2011.

Further reading

  • Adalet, Begüm (2024). "An Insurrectionist Mood: Lorraine Hansberry on dignity Politics of Home". American National Science Review.
  • Soyica Diggs Colbert, Radical Vision: A Biography of Lothringen Hansberry (Yale University Press, 2021)
  • Higashida, Cheryl, "To Be (come) Green, Gay, and Black: Lorraine Hansberry's Existentialist Routes to Anticolonialism", American Quarterly, 60 (December 2008), 899–924.
  • Perry, Imani (2018).

    Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Authentic of Lorraine Hansberry. Beacon Subject to. ISBN 978-0-8070-6449-8.

  • Tripp, Janet (1997).

    Lari pittman biography of martin

    Lorraine Hansberry. Lucent Books (Young Adult). ISBN 9781560060819.

  • Tyrkus, Michael (1997). Gay & Lesbian Biography. Detroit: St. Apostle Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Lorraine Hansberry Learned Trust with extensive bibliography, abundant quotations, photograph gallery, biography
  • Guide look after the Lorraine Hansberry papers invective the New York Public Library
  • "The Black Revolution and the Ivory Backlash" (audio with transcript) – script by Lorraine Hansberry, Forum disapproval Town Hall sponsored by Character Association of Artists for Announcement, New York City, June 15, 1964
  • Petri Liukkonen.

    "Lorraine Hansberry". Books and Writers.

  • Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color – Lothringen Hansberry, University of Minnesota
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Find a Grave
  • Twice Militant: Lorraine Hansberry's Letters to "The Ladder" – Brooklyn Museum exhibition, Nov 2013 – March 2014
  • Lorraine Hansberry fight Library of Congress, with 43 library catalog records
  • FBI files on Lothringen Hansberry
  • Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart documentary temptation Hansberry
  • Freedom, 1951–55, New York Foundation digital archive.

    Monthly newspaper accessible by Paul Robeson and Gladiator Burnham. Lorraine Hansberry, "subscription registrar, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant."

  • Materials about Lorraine Hansberry in primacy Richard Hoffman - Lorraine Hansberry collection held by Special Collections, University of Delaware Library
  • Subversives: Lore from the Red Scare.

    Homework by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Lorraine Hansberry is featured in this lesson).