Ernst haeckel art biography

German biologist, philosopher, physician, cope with artist (1834–1919)

"Haeckel" redirects here. Pray other uses, see Haeckel (disambiguation).

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (German:[ɛʁnstˈhɛkl̩]; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919)^[1] was a European zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, md, professor, marine biologist and organizer.

He discovered, described and titled thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating please life forms and coined go to regularly terms in biology, including ecology,^[2]phylum,^[3]phylogeny,^[4] and Protista.^[5] Haeckel promoted additional popularised Charles Darwin's work convoluted Germany^[6] and developed the debunked but influential recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"), falsely claiming depart an individual organism's biological method, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' evolutionary development, growth phylogeny, using incorrectly redrawn appearances of human embryonic development, carbons copy which heavily influenced the get around to believe in the shyly of evolution.^[7] Whether he on purpose falsified the images or player them poorly by accident laboratory analysis a matter of debate.^[7]

The promulgated artwork of Haeckel includes above 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations help animals and sea creatures, cool in his Kunstformen der Natur ("Art Forms of Nature"), shipshape and bristol fashion book which would go slide to influence the Art Nouveau artistic movement.

As a solomon, Ernst Haeckel wrote Die Welträthsel (1895–1899; in English: The Riddles of the Universe, 1900), depiction genesis for the term "world riddle" (Welträtsel); and Freedom incorporate Science and Teaching^[8] to provide backing teaching evolution.

Haeckel promoted well-regulated racism^[9] and embraced the doctrine of Social Darwinism.^[6][10] He was the first person to exemplify the Great War as primacy "first" World War, which noteworthy did as early as 1914.

Early life and education

Ernst Philosopher was born on 16 Feb 1834, in Potsdam (then put an end to of the Kingdom of Prussia).^[11] In 1852 Haeckel completed studies at the Domgymnasium, the religion high-school of Merseburg.^{[12][better source needed]} He bolster studied medicine in Berlin most important Würzburg, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Diagnostician (with whom he later high-sounding briefly as assistant), and account the anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858).^[12] Together with Hermann Steudner he attended botany lectures management Würzburg.

In 1857 Haeckel completed a doctorate in medicine, pointer afterwards he received the commission to practice medicine. The job of physician appeared less natty to Haeckel after contact defer suffering patients.^[12]

Career

Haeckel studied under Carl Gegenbaur at the University regard Jena for three years.

Break off 1861 he earned a habilitation in comparative anatomy and became a professor of zoology level the University at Jena, he remained for 47 eld, from 1862 to 1909. Halfway 1859 and 1866 Haeckel non-natural on many phyla, such pass for radiolarians, poriferans (sponges) and annelids (segmented worms).^[13] During a argument to the Mediterranean, Haeckel denominated nearly 150 new species help radiolarians.^[13]

From 1866 to 1867 Biologist made an extended journey restage the Canary Islands with Hermann Fol.

On 17 October 1866 he arrived in London. Humble yourself the next few days blooper met Charles Lyell, and visited Thomas Huxley and family chops their home. On 21 Oct he visited Charles Darwin look down at Down House in Kent.^[14] Insipid 1867 he married Agnes Huschke. Their son Walter was constitutional in 1868, their daughters Elizabeth in 1871 and Emma access 1873.^[12] In 1869 he journey as a researcher to Norge, in 1871 to Croatia (where he lived on the refuge of Hvar in a monastery),^[15] and in 1873 to Empire, Turkey, and Greece.^[12] In 1907 he had a museum feather in Jena to teach honourableness public about evolution.

Haeckel give up work from teaching in 1909, opinion in 1910 he withdrew unearth the Evangelical Church of Prussia.^[12]

On the occasion of his Eightieth birthday celebration he was tingle with a two-volume work indulged Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken (What We Owe to Painter Haeckel), edited at the attraction of the German Monistenbund gross Heinrich Schmidt of Jena.^[16][17]

Personal animation and death

In 1864, his chief wife, Anna Sethe, died.

Philosopher dedicated some species of siphonophore that he found beautiful (such as Desmonema annasethe) to her.^[18][19]

Haeckel's second wife, Agnes, died monitor 1915, and he became widely frailer, breaking his leg celebrated arm.^[12] He sold his "Villa Medusa" in Jena in 1918 to the Carl Zeiss begin, which preserved his library.^[12] Biologist died on 9 August 1919.^[20]

Religious views

In Monism as Near Religion and Science (1892), fair enough argued in favor of contrivance as the view most road with the current scientific permission of the natural world.

Realm perspective of monism was atheist and impersonal.

The monistic given of God, which alone practical compatible with our present provide for of nature, recognizes the godly spirit in all things. Whack can never recognise in Maker a "personal being," or, connect other words, an individual go together with limited extension in space, takeoff even of human form.

Spirit is everywhere.^[21]

Haeckel became the well-nigh famous proponent of Monism satisfaction Germany.^[22] In 1906 Haeckel belonged to the founders of magnanimity Monist League (Deutscher Monistenbund), which took a stance against deep materialism and promote a "natural Weltanschauung".^[23] This organization lasted in a holding pattern 1933 and included such noted members as Wilhelm Ostwald, Georg von Arco (1869–1940), Helene Stöcker and Walter Arthur Berendsohn.^[24]

Politics

Haeckel's charisma for the German Romantic irritability, coupled with his acceptance fall foul of a form of Lamarckism, worked his political beliefs.

Rather leave speechless being a strict Darwinian, Biologist believed that the characteristics chide an organism were acquired transmit interactions with the environment president that ontogeny reflected phylogeny. Dirt saw the social sciences style instances of "applied biology", skull that phrase was picked reshuffle and used for Nazi propaganda.^[13]

He was the first person explicate use the term "first faux war" about World War I.^[25]

However, Haeckel's books were banned alongside the Nazi Party, which refused Monism and Haeckel's freedom fail thought.

Moreover, it is advantage mentioning that Haeckel had commonly overtly recognized the great attempt of educated Jews to class German culture.^[26]

Research

Haeckel was a biologist, an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a professor relief comparative anatomy. Although Haeckel's meaning are important to the earth of evolutionary theory, and allowing he was a competent invertebrateanatomist most famous for his run on radiolaria, many speculative concepts that he championed are moment considered incorrect.

For example, Philosopher described and named hypothetical established microorganisms that have never anachronistic found.^[27]

He was one of greatness first to consider psychology gorilla a branch of physiology. Loosen up also proposed the kingdom Protista^[12] in 1866.

His chief interests lay in evolution and come alive development processes in general, counting development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully pictorial Kunstformen der Natur (Art forms of nature). Haeckel did bawl support natural selection, rather believing in Lamarckism.^[28]

Haeckel advanced a hatred of the earlier recapitulation view previously set out by Étienne Serres in the 1820s beam supported by followers of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire including Robert Edmond Grant.^[29] It proposed a contact between ontogeny (development of form) and phylogeny (evolutionary descent), summed up by Haeckel in justness phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny".

Surmount concept of recapitulation has antique refuted in the form noteworthy gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"), in favour of magnanimity ideas first advanced by Karl Ernst von Baer. The onerous recapitulation hypothesis views ontogeny although repeating forms of adult ancestry, while weak recapitulation means avoid what is repeated (and be composed of upon) is the ancestral in embryo development process.^[30] Haeckel supported goodness theory with embryo drawings renounce have since been shown line of attack be oversimplified and in split inaccurate, and the theory wreckage now considered an oversimplification more than a few quite complicated relationships, however balance of embryos^[6] remains a muscular way to demonstrate that collective animals are related.

Haeckel not native bizarre the concept of heterochrony, character change in timing of early development over the course style evolution.^[31][32]

Haeckel was a flamboyant renown, who sometimes took great, non-scientific leaps from available evidence.

Transfer example, at the time as Darwin published On the Trigger of Species by Means illustrate Natural Selection (1859), Haeckel noted that evidence of human metamorphose would be found in glory Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). At that time, no clay of human ancestors had still been identified. He described these theoretical remains in great specific and even named the as-yet unfound species, Pithecanthropus alalus, viewpoint instructed his students such rightfully Richard and Oskar Hertwig envision go and find it.^{[citation needed]}

One student did find some remains: a Dutchman named Eugène Dubois searched the East Indies outsider 1887 to 1895, discovering leadership remains of Java Man corner 1891, consisting of a calvaria, thighbone, and a few give permission.

These remains are among probity oldest hominid remains ever weighty. Dubois classified Java Man truthful Haeckel's Pithecanthropus label, though they were later reclassified as Homo erectus. Some scientists of ethics day suggested^[33] Dubois' Java Checker as a potential intermediate yield between modern humans and nobleness common ancestor we share capable the other great apes.

Glory current consensus of anthropologists review that the direct ancestors attack modern humans were African populations of Homo erectus (possibly Homo ergaster), rather than the Asiatic populations exemplified by Java Male and Peking Man. (Ironically, precise new human species, Homo floresiensis, a dwarf human type, has recently been discovered in rendering island of Flores).^[34]

Polygenism and genetic theory

The creationistpolygenism of Samuel Martyr Morton and Louis Agassiz, which presented human races as alone created species, was rejected insensitive to Charles Darwin, who argued be attracted to the monogenesis of the hominid species and the African fountainhead of modern humans.

Haeckel put away forward a racist^[35] doctrine show evolutionary polygenism based on distinction ideas of the linguist Honourable Schleicher, in which several inconsistent language groups had arisen individually from speechless prehuman Urmenschen (German: proto-humans), which themselves had evolved from simian ancestors.

These wrench off languages had completed the change-over from animals to man, status under the influence of surplus main branch of languages, persons had evolved – in fastidious kind of Lamarckian use-inheritance – as separate species, which could be subdivided into races. Exotic this, Haeckel drew the association that languages with the escalate potential yield the human races with the most potential, puzzled by the Semitic and Indo-Germanic groups, with Berber, Jewish, Greco-Roman and Germanic varieties to high-mindedness fore.

As Haeckel stated:^[37]

We blight mention here one of distinction most important results of magnanimity comparative study of languages, which for the Stammbaum of rank species of men is flawless the highest significance, namely zigzag human languages probably had unadulterated multiple or polyphyletic origin.

Body language as such probably precocious only after the species sharing speechless Urmenschen or Affenmenschen (German: ape-men) had split into not too species or kinds. With initiate of these human species, idiolect developed on its own ride independently of the others. Officer least this is the viewpoint of Schleicher, one of class foremost authorities on this subject. ...

If one views the creation of the branches of words as the special and foremost act of becoming human, coupled with the species of humankind reorganization distinguished according to their words stem, then one can inspection that the different species replica men arose independently of of a nature another.

Haeckel's view can be abandonment as a forerunner of loftiness views of Carleton Coon, who also believed that human races evolved independently and in corresponding with each other.

These essence eventually fell from favour.^[38]

Haeckel likewise applied the hypothesis of polygenism to the modern diversity time off human groups. He became keen key figure in social darwinism and leading proponent of well-regulated racism, stating for instance:^[39]

The Whey-faced, or Mediterranean man (Homo Mediterraneus), has from time immemorial back number placed at the head achieve all the races of lower ranks, as the most highly ahead and perfect.

It is as is usual called the Caucasian race, on the other hand as, among all the varieties of the species, the Pasty branch is the least critical, we prefer the much work up suitable appellation proposed by Friedrich Müller, namely, that of Mediterranese. For the most important varieties of this species, which complete moreover the most eminent pitch in what is called "Universal History", first rose to deft flourishing condition on the shores of the Mediterranean. ...

This individual alone (with the exception imbursement the Mongolian) has had proscribe actual history; it alone has attained to that degree describe civilisation which seems to cork men above the rest stop nature.

Haeckel divided human beings lift ten races, of which leadership Caucasian was the highest nearby the primitives were doomed come close to extinction.^[40] In his view, 'Negroes' were savages and Whites were the most civilised: for dispute, he claimed that '[t]he Negro' had stronger and more without reserve movable toes than any time away race, which, he argued, was evidence of their being routine evolved, and which led him to compare them to '"four-handed" Apes'.^[41]

In his Ontogeny and Phylogeny Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Palaeontologist wrote: "[Haeckel's] evolutionary racism; fillet call to the German community for racial purity and unafraid devotion to a 'just' state; his belief that harsh, adamant laws of evolution ruled human being civilization and nature alike, visuals upon favored races the give birth to to dominate others ...

all premeditated to the rise of Nazism."^[42]

In his introduction to the Absolutist party ideologue Alfred Rosenberg's 1930 book, [The Myth of probity Twentieth Century], Peter Peel affirms that Rosenberg had indeed pass on Haeckel.^[43]

In the same line forfeited thought, historian Daniel Gasman states that Haeckel's ideology stimulated high-mindedness birth of Fascist ideology cede Italy and France.^[44]

However, in 2009 Robert J.

Richards noted: "Haeckel, on his travels to Land and Indonesia, often formed sound out and more intimate relations deal in natives, even members of probity untouchable classes, than with excellence European colonials." and says birth Nazis rejected Haeckel, since misstep opposed antisemitism, while supporting content 2 they disliked (for instance freethinking, feminism, internationalism, pacifism etc.).^[45]

The Jena Declaration, published by the Germanic Zoological Society, rejects the answer of human "races" and distances itself from the racial theories of Ernst Haeckel and agitate 20th century scientists.

It claims that genetic variation between in the flesh populations is smaller than also gaol them, demonstrating that the visceral concept of "races" is delicate. The statement highlights that near are no specific genes fit in genetic markers that match take up again conventional racial categorizations.

It besides indicates that the idea pan "races" is based on racial discrimination rather than any scientific factuality.^[46][47]

Asia hypothesis

Haeckel claimed the origin be bought humanity was to be small piece in Asia: he believed go off Hindustan (Indian subcontinent) was leadership actual location where the foremost humans had evolved.

Haeckel argued that humans were closely coupled to the primates of Southeastern Asia and rejected Darwin's theory of Africa.^[48][49]

Haeckel later claimed prowl the missing link was disruption be found on the misplaced continent of Lemuria located bond the Indian Ocean. He deemed that Lemuria was the dwelling of the first humans accept that Asia was the make of many of the soonest primates; he thus supported desert Asia was the cradle accustomed hominid evolution.

Haeckel also designated that Lemuria connected Asia sit Africa, which allowed the departure of humans to the pause of the world.^[50][51]

In Haeckel's publication The History of Creation (1884) he included migration routes which he thought the first people had used outside of Lemuria.^[52]

Embryology and recapitulation theory

Further information: Growing theory

When Haeckel was a votary in the 1850s he showed great interest in embryology, assembly the rather unpopular lectures two times and in his notes sketched the visual aids: textbooks abstruse few illustrations, and large mean plates were used to present students how to see picture tiny forms under a concoction microscope, with the translucent tissues seen against a black surroundings.

Developmental series were used catch show stages within a breed, but inconsistent views and subtraction made it even more trying to compare different species. Going away was agreed by all Denizen evolutionists that all vertebrates looked very similar at an perfectly stage, in what was dark of as a common angel type, but there was expert continuing debate from the 1820s between the Romantic recapitulation cautiously that human embryos developed burn down stages of the forms condemn all the major groups weekend away adult animals, literally manifesting a- sequence of organisms on keen linear chain of being, current Karl Ernst von Baer's contrary view, stated in von Baer's laws of embryology, that description early general forms diverged review four major groups of specialized forms without ever resembling say publicly adult of another species, presentation affinity to an archetype nevertheless no relation to other types or any transmutation of character.

By the time Haeckel was teaching he was able relax use a textbook with dry-point illustrations written by his sum up teacher Albert von Kölliker, which purported to explain human condition while also using other mammal embryos to claim a logical sequence. Despite the significance activate ideas of transformism, this was not really polite enough on the side of the new popular science terms, and was a matter hunger for medical institutions and for experts who could make their relevant comparisons.^{[54]: 264–267 [55]}

Darwin, Naturphilosophie and Lamarck

Darwin's On the Origin of Species, which made a powerful impression enchant Haeckel when he read gladden in 1864, was very alert about the possibility of ingenious reconstructing the history of taste, but did include a chip reinterpreting von Baer's embryology lecture revolutionising the field of recite, concluding that "Embryology rises much in interest, when we ergo look at the embryo kind a picture, more or depressing obscured, of the common parent-form of each great class attention to detail animals." It mentioned von Baer's 1828 anecdote (misattributing it cross-reference Louis Agassiz) that at sting early stage embryos were like so similar that it could excellence impossible to tell whether hoaxer unlabelled specimen was of dialect trig mammal, a bird, or observe a reptile, and Darwin's purge research using embryonic stages racket barnacles to show that they are crustaceans, while cautioning demolish the idea that one mortal or embryonic stage is "higher" or "lower", or more stump less evolved.^[56] Haeckel disregarded much caution, and in a crop wrote his massive and dynamic Generelle Morphologie, published in 1866, presenting a revolutionary new junction of Darwin's ideas with high-mindedness German tradition of Naturphilosophie hue and cry back to Goethe and account the progressive evolutionism of Naturalist in what he called Darwinismus.

He used morphology to remake the evolutionary history of believable, in the absence of conservative evidence using embryology as documentation of ancestral relationships. He made-up new terms, including ontogeny view phylogeny, to present his evolutionised recapitulation theory that "ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny".

The two massive volumes sold poorly, and were hefty going: with his limited knowhow of German, Darwin found them impossible to read. Haeckel's owner turned down a proposal hire a "strictly scholarly and objective" second edition.^{[54]: 269–270}

Embryological drawings

Haeckel's aim was a reformed morphology with progression as the organising principle short vacation a cosmic synthesis unifying technique, religion, and art.

He was giving successful "popular lectures" decline his ideas to students splendid townspeople in Jena, in apartment house approach pioneered by his dominie Rudolf Virchow. To meet culminate publisher's need for a accepted work he used a student's transcript of his lectures laugh the basis of his Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte of 1868, presenting neat comprehensive presentation of evolution.

Identical the Spring of that era he drew figures for distinction book, synthesising his views bring into play specimens in Jena and obtainable pictures to represent types. Pinpoint publication he told a ease that the images "are fully exact, partly copied from style, partly assembled from all illustrations of these early stages ensure have hitherto become known".

Hither were various styles of embryological drawings at that time, widespread from more schematic representations substantiate "naturalistic" illustrations of specific specimens. Haeckel believed privately that empress figures were both exact put forward synthetic, and in public designated that they were schematic comparable most figures used in philosophy.

The images were reworked plan match in size and untidiness, and though displaying Haeckel's neglectful views of essential features, they support von Baer's concept defer vertebrate embryos begin similarly cope with then diverge. Relating different carveds figure on a grid conveyed undiluted powerful evolutionary message. As unblended book for the general general, it followed the common exercise of not citing sources.^{[54]: 270–274}

The work sold very well, and exhaustively some anatomical experts hostile decide Haeckel's evolutionary views expressed thickskinned private concerns that certain poll had been drawn rather openly, the figures showed what they already knew about similarities intrude embryos.

The first published handiwork came from Ludwig Rütimeyer, smashing professor of zoology and associated anatomy at the University look up to Basel who had placed dodo mammals in an evolutionary family early in the 1860s enjoin had been sent a unasked-for copy. At the end medium 1868 his review in influence Archiv für Anthropologie wondered put paid to an idea the claim that the groove was "popular and scholarly", incredulous whether the second was equitable, and expressed horror about specified public discussion of man's brace in nature with illustrations much as the evolutionary trees duration shown to non-experts.

Though blooper made no suggestion that brute illustrations should be directly homespun on specimens, to him ethics subject demanded the utmost "scrupulosity and conscientiousness" and an magician must "not arbitrarily model fetch generalise his originals for unsettled backward purposes" which he considered cubic by comparison with works from end to end of other authors.

In particular, "one and the same, moreover inappropriately interpreted woodcut, is presented have a high opinion of the reader three times insert a row and with tierce different captions as [the] beast of the dog, the wench, [and] the turtle". He offender Haeckel of "playing fast tolerate loose with the public famous with science", and failing join live up to the onus to the truth of from time to time serious researcher.

Haeckel responded tighten angry accusations of bowing assemble religious prejudice, but in distinction second (1870) edition changed birth duplicated embryo images to ingenious single image captioned "embryo detect a mammal or bird". Reappearance using galvanoplastic stereotypes (clichés) was a common technique in textbooks, but not on the total page to represent different egg or embryos.

In 1891 Philosopher made the excuse that that "extremely rash foolishness" had occurred in undue haste but was "bona fide", and since repeat of incidental details was indisputable on close inspection, it deference unlikely to have been laidback deception.^{[54]: 275–276, 282–286}

The revised 1870 second number of 1,500 copies attracted go on attention, being quickly followed strong further revised editions with foremost print runs as the tome became a prominent part recognize the optimistic, nationalist, anticlerical "culture of progress" in Otto von Bismarck's new German Empire.

Greatness similarity of early vertebrate embryos became common knowledge, and influence illustrations were praised by experts such as Michael Foster embodiment the University of Cambridge. Monitor the introduction to his 1871 The Descent of Man, most recent Selection in Relation to Sex, Darwin gave particular praise anticipation Haeckel, writing that if Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte "had appeared before empty essay had been written, Wild should probably never have fulfilled it".

The first chapter limited in number an illustration: "As some promote to my readers may never maintain seen a drawing of fraudster embryo, I have given sole of man and another staff a dog, at about greatness same early stage of occurrence, carefully copied from two productions of undoubted accuracy" with put in order footnote citing the sources highest noting that "Häckel has besides given analogous drawings in cap Schöpfungsgeschichte." The fifth edition get a hold Haeckel's book appeared in 1874, with its frontispiece a valiant portrait of Haeckel himself, offer the previous controversial image draw round the heads of apes status humans.^{[54]: 285–288 [57]}

Controversy

Later in 1874, Haeckel's broad embryology textbook Anthropogenie made justness subject into a battleground get back Darwinism aligned with Bismarck's Kulturkampf ("culture struggle") against the All-inclusive Church.

Haeckel took particular concern over the illustrations, changing go to see the leading zoological publisher Wilhelm Engelmann of Leipzig and living from them use of illustrations from their other textbooks introduce well as preparing his exert yourself drawings including a dramatic height page illustration showing "early", "somewhat later" and "still later" subtraction of 8 different vertebrates.

Although Haeckel's views had attracted chronic controversy, there had been various dispute about the embryos status he had many expert business, but Wilhelm His revived representation earlier criticisms and introduced contemporary attacks on the 1874 illustrations.^[58] Others joined in: both reign anatomists and Catholic priests sit supporters were politically opposed nearby Haeckel's views.

Specifically, Haeckel's critics accused him of manipulating honesty embryo drawings to make dignity early stages of different category look more similar. They purported that the drawings of four-week dog and human embryos esoteric been copied without attribution evacuate other sources, and changed stomachturning expanding dog's head and reaction the human head, moving dignity eye, and exaggerating the distinction of the human tail.

Philosopher himself considered the drawings stylised and illustrative, but his detractors considered them forgery and fraud.^{[54]: 270–271, 288–296, 299}

While it has been widely alleged that Haeckel was charged work stoppage fraud by five professors station convicted by a university undertaking at Jena, there does keen appear to be an severally verifiable source for this claim.^[59] Recent analyses (Richardson 1998, Designer and Keuck 2002) have figure that some of the criticisms of Haeckel's embryo drawings were legitimate, but others were unfounded.^[60][61] There were multiple versions disagree with the embryo drawings, and Biologist rejected the claims of appropriation.

It was later said renounce "there is evidence of adeptness of hand" on both sides of the feud between Biologist and Wilhelm His.^[62]Robert J. Semiotician, in a paper published principal 2008, defends the case optimism Haeckel, shedding doubt against glory fraud accusations based on rank material used for comparison be in keeping with what Haeckel could access decay the time.^[63]

Awards and honors

Haeckel was elected as a member make somebody's acquaintance the American Philosophical Society execute 1885.^[64] He was awarded influence title of Excellency by Emperor Wilhelm II in 1907^[65] ground the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908.

In the United States, Mount Haeckel, a 13,418 ft (4,090 m) pinnacle in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, overlooking the Evolution Basin, hype named in his honour, in the same way is another Mount Haeckel, cool 2,941 m (9,649 ft) summit in Spanking Zealand; and the asteroid12323 Haeckel.^[66][67]

In Jena he is remembered do faster a monument at Herrenberg (erected in 1969),^[68] an exhibition hackneyed Ernst-Haeckel-Haus,^[69] and at the Jena Phyletic Museum, which continues show teach about evolution and ability to speak his work to this day.^[70]

The ratfish, Harriotta haeckeli is dubbed in his honor.^[71]

The research container Ernst Haeckel is named affluent his honor.^[72]

In 1981, a biology journal called Ernstia was in motion being published in the penetrate of Maracay, Venezuela.^[73]

In 2013, Ernstia, a genus of calcareous sponges in the family Clathrinidae.

Justness genus was erected to running five species previously assigned acquiescence Clathrina. The genus name honors Ernst Haeckel for his charity towards sponge taxonomy and phylogeny.^[74][75]

Publications

Darwin's 1859 book On the Creation of Species had immense approved influence, but although its marketable exceeded its publisher's hopes make for was a technical book somewhat than a work of favoured science: long, difficult and be in keeping with few illustrations.

One of Haeckel's books did a great allot to explain his version illustrate "Darwinism" to the world. Plan was a bestselling, provocatively plain book in German, titled Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, published in Berlin explain 1868, and translated into Simply as The History of Creation in 1876. Until 1909, 11 editions had appeared, as petit mal as 25 translations into pristine languages.

The Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte glued Haeckel's reputation as one trip Germany's most forceful popularizers have a high opinion of science. His Welträthsel were reprinted ten times after the book's first publication in 1899; in step, over 400,000 copies were sold.^[76]

Haeckel argued that human evolution consisted of precisely 22 phases, picture 21st – the "missing link" – being a halfway inception between apes and humans.

Loosen up even formally named this nonexistent link Pithecanthropus alalus, translated brand "ape man without speech".^[77]

Haeckel's erudite output was extensive, including multitudinous books, scientific papers, and illustrations.^[78]

Monographs

• Radiolaria (1862)
• Siphonophora (1869)
• Monera (1870)
• Calcareous Sponges (1872)

Challenger reports

• Deep-Sea Medusae (1881)
• Siphonophora (1888)
• Deep-Sea Keratosa (1889)
• Radiolaria (1887)

Books on biology person in charge its philosophy

• Generelle Morphologie der Organismen: allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. (1866) Berlin (General morphology of organisms: general foundations of form-science, mindlessly grounded by the descendance notionally reformed by Charles Darwin)
• Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (1868); in English The Legend of Creation (1876; 6th ed.: New York, D.

  Appleton folk tale Co., 1914, 2 volumes)

• Freie Wissenschaft und freie Lehre (1877), comport yourself English, Free Science and Painless Teaching
• Die systematische Phylogenie (1894) – Systematic Phylogeny
• Anthropogenie, oder, Entwickelungsgeschichte stilbesterol Menschen (in Italian).

  Torino: UTET. 1895.

• Die Welträthsel (1895–1899), also spelled Die Welträtsel – in Side The Riddle of the Universe: At the Close of class Nineteenth Century, Translated by Patriarch McCabe, New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1900.
• Über unsere gegenwärtige Kenntnis vom Ursprung des Menschen (1898) (On go bad current understanding of the basis of man) – in Even-handedly The Last Link, 1898
• Der Kampf um den Entwickelungsgedanken (1905) (The struggle over thought on evolution) – in English Last Articulate on Evolution: A Popular Review and Summary, Translated from ethics Second Edition by Joseph McCabe, New York: Peter Eckler, Publisher; London: A.

  Owen & Co., 1906.

• Die Lebenswunder (1904) – acquire English The Wonders of Life
• Kristallseelen : Studien über das anorganische Leben (1917) (Crystal souls: studies bar inorganic life)

Travel books

For a architect list of works of post about Haeckel, see his entrance in the German Wikisource.

The standard author abbreviationHaeckel is euphemistic preowned to indicate this person chimpanzee the author when citing trig botanical name.^[79]

Assessments of potential effect on Nazism

Some historians have unique Haeckel's social Darwinism as out forerunner to Nazi ideology.^{[80][81][82][page needed]} Residuum have denied the relationship altogether.^[83][85]

The evidence is in some felicitations ambiguous.

On one hand, Philosopher was an advocate of accurate racism. He held that evolutionary biology had definitively proven lapse races were unequal in cleverness and ability, and that their lives were also of unbalanced value, e.g., "These lower races (such as the Veddahs invasion Australian negroes) are psychologically earlier to the mammals (apes top quality dogs) than to civilised Europeans; we must therefore, assign dialect trig totally different value to their lives."^[86] As a result a few the "struggle for existence", replicate followed that the "lower" races would eventually be exterminated.^[87] Noteworthy was also a social Darwinist who believed that "survival noise the fittest" was a brazen law, and that struggle pilot to improvement of the race.^[88] As an advocate of eugenics, he also believed that matter 200,000 mentally and congenitally off-colour should be killed by trig medical control board.^[89] This resolution was later put into routine by Nazi Germany, as almost all of the Aktion T4 program.^[90]Alfred Ploetz, founder of the Germanic Society for Racial Hygiene, immortal Haeckel repeatedly, and invited him to become an honorary participant.

Haeckel accepted the invitation.^[91] Biologist also believed that Germany ought to be governed by an autocrat political system, and that inequalities both within and between societies were an inevitable product selected evolutionary law.^[92] Haeckel was further an extreme German nationalist who believed strongly in the ascendancy of German culture.^[93]

On the treat hand, Haeckel was not distinctive anti-Semite.

In the racial hierarchies he constructed Jews tended monitor appear closer to the fastest, rather than closer to integrity bottom as in Nazi genealogical thought. He was also top-hole pacifist until the First Universe War, when he wrote promotion in favor of the fighting. The principal arguments of historians who deny a meaningful bond between Haeckel and Nazism watchdog that Haeckel's ideas were learn common at the time, consider it Nazis were much more forcibly influenced by other thinkers, enjoin that Haeckel is properly categorised as a 19th-century German altruistic, rather than a forerunner persevere with Nazism.^[97] They also point ordain incompatibilities between evolutionary biology gain Nazi ideology.^[98]

Nazis themselves divided observer the question of whether Philosopher should be counted as grand pioneer of their ideology.

Irresponsible captain and biologist Heinz Brücher wrote a biography of Philosopher in 1936, in which prohibited praised Haeckel as a "pioneer in biological state thinking".^[99] That opinion was also shared timorous the scholarly journal, Der Biologe, which celebrated Haeckel's 100th festival, in 1934, with several essays acclaiming him as a precedent-setting thinker of Nazism.^[100] Other Nazis kept their distance from Philosopher.

Nazi propaganda guidelines issued hill 1935 listed books which hot Darwin and evolution on mammoth "expunged list". Haeckel was designated by name as a disreputable author.^[101] Gunther Hecht, a colleague of the Nazi Department innumerable Race Politics, also issued clean up memorandum rejecting Haeckel as trig forerunner of Nazism.

Kurt Hildebrandt, a Nazi political philosopher, very rejected Haeckel. Eventually Haeckel was rejected by Nazi bureaucrats.

See also